Cd-Cu-Pb复合污染对芥菜吸收Cd、Cu和Pb及矿质元素的影响

以十字花科的芥菜为材料,通过室内盆栽均匀设计试验,研究了Cd-Cu-Pb复合污染下芥菜对重金属的吸收转运特点以及对矿质元素吸收的影响. 结果表明:3种重金属在芥菜体内积累能力为Cd＞Cu＞Pb;芥菜对Pb、Cd有较强耐性,对高浓度Cu耐性不强. 土壤中重金属的含量是影响芥菜各部分重金属含量的主要因素之一;Cd可抑制芥菜对Pb的吸收和转移,促进Cu向芥菜地上部转移;Cd-Pb复合效应促进了Cd在芥菜体内累积;Cu抑制芥菜吸收Pb;Cu-Pb可促进Cd抑制Cu在芥菜各部的积累. 与对照相比,复合污染显著降低了芥菜对矿质元素的吸收累积,各处理芥菜对Mg、Fe和K的吸收转移特点显示出相似的规律,即地上部w(Mg)远大于地下部而w(Fe)和w(K)为地下部占优. Cd可极大促进芥菜对K的吸收而抑制对Fe的吸收,Cu则阻碍地下部对K的吸收;Cu与Cd-Pb复合效应可抑制K向地上部转移.      

开滦矿区煤伴生元素土壤地球化学分布模式及成因

唐山开滦煤矿已有百余年的开采史. 经河北平原多目标区域地球化学调查发现,Se、Hg、Mo、Zn和U等微量元素在矿区表层土壤(0～20 cm)中呈异常分布,故利用相关性分析、多元统计分析等地球化学方法,研究Se、Hg、Mo等微量元素土壤地球化学空间分布模式及其成因. 结果表明:以Se元素为代表的土壤微量元素异常与煤田分布范围几乎一致,Se、Hg和Mo等微量元素只在表层土壤富集. 土壤中Se与有机碳(OC)、S等煤炭伴生元素呈高度正相关,R(相关系数)分别为0.88和0.77. 煤炭开采、运输产生的扬尘以及燃煤产生的烟尘是形成Se、Hg等微量元素表层土壤异常分布的主要原因.      

Trace element concentration in wheat grain: results from the Swedish long-term soil fertility experiments and national monitoring program

Concentrations of trace elements in wheat grain sampled between 1967 and 2003 from the Swedish long-term soil fertility experiments were analyzed using ICP-MS. The long-term effect of inorganic and organic fertilization on trace metal concentrations was investigated including the impact of atmospheric deposition and myccorhiza, whereas other factors such as soil conditions, crop cultivar, etc. are not discussed in this paper. Mean values derived from 10 experimental sites were reported. Significantly declining Pb and Cd concentrations in wheat grain could be explained by lower atmospheric deposition. Mean Se contents in all samples were 0.031 mg kg⁻¹ grain dry weight. No samples had sufficiently high Se concentrations for human (0.05 mg Se kg⁻¹) or animal demand (0.1 mg Se kg⁻¹). Concentrations of Co in wheat grain were extremely low, 0.002–0.005 mg Co kg⁻¹ grain dry weight, and far below the minimum levels required by animals, which applied to all fertilizer treatments. A doubling of Mo concentrations in grain since 1975 resulted in Cu/Mo ratios often below one, which may cause molybdenosis in ruminants. The increase in Mo concentrations in crops correlated with the decline in sulfur deposition. Concentrations of Cu and Fe declined in NPK-fertilized wheat as compared to unfertilized or manure-treated wheat. Very low concentrations of Se and Co and low concentrations of Fe and Cu require attention to counteract risks for deficiencies. The main characteristic of the study is that there are few significant changes over time between different fertilizer treatments, but throughout there are low concentrations of most trace elements in all treatments. In general, good agreement between concentrations in wheat from the long-term fertility experiments and the national monitoring program indicate that values are representative.     

Relationships between distributions of longevous population and trace elements in the agricultural ecosystem of Rugao County,Jiangsu, China

Soil, plant, and water, as well as trace elements they contain, can influence human health through the food chain. A survey was conducted on distributions of trace elements in soils, plants, and drinking water in Rugao County, Jiangsu Province, China, an agricultural area with a high level of centenarians and nonagenarians. The ratio of people over 90 years old per 100,000 inhabitants (90-rate) based on village (about 4,000 residents in 4 km²) was correlated with trace elements in soil, drinking water, and rice by means of correlation analysis and/or principal component analysis. Although the average 90-rate in the whole area was as high as 277, the rates were not uniform across the entire region. The 90-rate in the area of loamy and strongly-developed Anthrosols and Cambosols was about 330, significantly higher than the 255 in the areas of sandy and strongly-developed Cambosols and of clayey and weakly-developed Cambosols. The concentrations of available Se, B, Ni, and Mo in soils of the area with the high 90-rate were markedly greater than those in the area with the low 90-rate. This was demonstrated by highly positive correlations between the 90-rate and available Se (r = 0.33), B (r = 0.21), Ni (r = 0.17) and Mo (r = 0.17) at the p < 0.01 level and high loadings of available Se (0.851), B (0.535), Ni (0.594) and Mo (0.394) in the longevous factor. Similar relationships between the available elements in soils and elements in water and rice were found. These results suggest that: (1) the available forms of elements in soil were more crucial to elemental bio-availability in the ecosystem and human health than total elements in soil; and (2) the element association above might have affected the 90-rate positively and could be an important environmental geochemical factor influencing the longevity of humans.     

Assessing the effect of long-term crop cultivation on distribution of Cd in the root zone

Trace elements such as cadmium (Cd) may be inadvertently added to cropland soils through application of fertilizers, irrigation water, and other amendments. These toxic trace elements pose a potentially threat to soil quality and, through the food chain transfer, to human health. A generalized soil trace element mass balance model that accounts for the interactive processes governing the reactions of trace elements in soils, and consequently removed with crop harvest and leaching out of the soil profile with irrigation water was developed in this research. The model conceptually approximates the mechanisms and kinetics of a real field cropland system. The model was used to evaluate the long-term cultivation on distribution of Cd in California croplands. Under typical California cropping practices, Cd added into the soils accumulated primarily in the plow layer while the Cd content below the plow layer was barely affected. After 100 years of continuous cultivation, the soil Cd content of the plow layer increases from the background level 0.22 mg kg⁻¹ to 0.40 mg kg⁻¹. The accumulation of Cd in the plow layer is in proportion to the external inputs and is affected by the soil and plant characteristics, and management practices. The model can be used to evaluate the environmental fates of other toxic element in soils with case specific parameters.     

土壤酸度对稀土元素在小麦体内的生物可利用性及分馏效应的影响

采用盆栽实验,研究了土壤酸度对稀土元素在小麦体内的生物可利用性及分馏效应的影响.结果表明:小麦体内稀土含量与pH之间呈二次方程的关系,在实验pH范围内,随pH值升高小麦体内稀土含量逐渐降低,每种稀土含量随pH变化程度表现为:Ce>La>Nd>Sm>Gd>Yb>Tb>Eu,表明Ce对pH值更为敏感,Eu最小.土壤中3种稀土形态的含量顺序为B2(NH₂OHHCl提取态)>B3(H₂O₂-NH₄Ac提取态)>B1(HAc提取态),随着酸度的降低,B1有向B2、B3转化的趋势.线性回归和多元逐步回归分析表明不同形态的稀土对小麦吸收的贡献程度因单个稀土元素的不同而不同,但B1态是主要的生物可利用态.小麦体内轻重稀土之间分馏系数与pH值呈负线性相关,土壤酸度越大,分馏系数越大.     

龙岩市某铁锰矿区土壤重金属地球化学空间分布特征与来源分析

采集了龙岩市某铁锰矿区基岩-不同层位土壤配套样品,测试了其中重金属Pb、Cd和As含量,采用普通克里金插值法,研究了土壤中3种重金属元素的地球化学空间分布特征,分析了Pb、Cd和As的来源.结果表明,研究区地处汇水盆地中,高含量Pb和As主要分布于工作区西部靠近露天采场的区域,中部两支河流交汇处及东部废石堆附近,而Cd大面积集中于西部露天采场周边及选矿厂附近.从水平剖面看,3种重金属在土壤各层位高值区域的含量变化整体表现为随着与矿区水平距离的增加而逐渐降低的趋势.从垂向剖面看,重金属在不同层位土壤间的相关度高.Pb、Cd和As在西部距离露天采场较近的区域,含量随深度增加呈先升高再降低的趋势.在其他高值区域,3种重金属含量随深度增加而降低.不同层位土壤Pb和As含量与花岗岩、闪长岩中的含量均呈显著正相关关系,Pb和As继承了矿床及其周边母岩的特性.研究区重金属As虽受到矿山开采等人为影响,但影响程度不高.部分点位母质（岩）自身具有较高含量的重金属,同时,土壤中重金属Pb和Cd的含量显著高于岩石含量,甚至远远超过土壤风险筛选值,受工矿业、交通运输和农业生产等人类活动影响较大,存在点源污染,需关注其对农产品质量安全、农作物生长及土壤生态环境可能产生的风险.     

长江(湖北段)沉积物中微量元素的分布特征及镉的形态

对长江(湖北段)不同时期沉积物中的微量元素(Cd,Zn,Pb,Cu,As,Hg,Cr,Ni,Mn)进行了研究.结果表明,从早期(一万年至两千年前)到现代(2002年),长江沉积物中多数微量元素的含量有明显的增加,尤其是Cd,Pb和Hg,由早期的0.25mg·kg-1,20.1mg·kg-1和0.046mg·kg-1分别增加至现代的0.71mg·kg-1,42.1mg·kg-1和0.098mg·kg-1.用连续提取法对沉积物中Cd赋存形态的测定结果显示,从早期到现代,碳酸盐结合态Cd所占比例有明显的增长,由早期的14.5%增加至现代的28.7%,松结和紧结有机结合态Cd也有不同程度的增加;铁锰氧化物结合态Cd的比例显著降低,由早期的31.3%变为现代的14.9%;残渣态Cd的百分率也有一定程度的降低.     

云南地区中国种子植物特有属的研究

物种特有现象的研究具有重要的区系地理学和保护生物学意义。利用大尺度的植物物种分布信息,探讨了云南地区中国种子植物特有属的科、属组成,区系性质及其地理分布格局。结果表明,云南地区拥有中国种子植物特有属125属,分属于59科,共含种子植物246种,是中国种子植物特有属的重要分布地区之一。含特有属较多的科主要为菊科Compositae、苦苣苔科Gesnefiaceae、伞形科Umbelliferae、禾本科Gramineae和唇形科Labiatae。从各属所包含的物种数来看,单型属占主体地位。根据科的分布区类型构成,云南地区中国种子植物特有属主要起源于热带地区。从属的生活型构成来看,主要以草本植物属为主,而木本植物属所占比重相对较小,暗示着研究区域内特有属的区系兼有年轻成分和古老成分,但以年轻成分为主。从空间分布格局来看,特有属主要分布在“田中线”以东地区。与过去的研究结果不同,我们发现云南地区拥有3个重要的特有属分布中心和3个次级分布中心。     

贵阳市污染源PM2.5中铂族元素的分布特征

为掌握贵阳市污染源PM2.5中铂族元素(PGE)的分布特征,采集7类主要污染源42个PM2.5样品,采用同位素稀释/电感耦合等离子体质谱法定量测定PGE中铂(Pt)、钯(Pd)、铑(Rh)的含量.结果表明:(1)金属冶炼尘PM2.5中Pt、Pd、Rh平均值分别为2186.136、1239.827、346.172 ng/...