甘肃白银市大气颗粒物PM2.5的地球化学特征研究

2011年8月,横跨白银市区东西向布设12个采样点,间距约1km,采集1.5m高大气颗粒物PM2.5样品,获得了白银市区大气中PM2.5浓度,并测定了大气颗粒物PM2.5中Ag、As、B、Ba、Be、Bi等几十种元素含量。结果发现12个采样点大气颗粒物PM2.5浓度范围为91～277μg/m3,均超过中国环境空气质量二级标准(GB 3095-2012),达二级标准限值(24小时平均值)的1.21～3.69倍。受尾矿堆放及选矿、冶炼企业集中分布的影响,东城区大气颗粒物PM2.5浓度高于工矿企业较少的西城区,污染较为严重。大气颗粒物PM2.5中微量元素浓度与污染源间具有良好的空间对应关系。采用富集系数法和主因子分析法研究大气颗粒物PM2.5元素组成特征,结果表明,白银市大气中PM2.5主要来源为工业废气、矿山与尾矿扬尘及土壤扬尘,三者的贡献率分别为31.2%、28.6%、26.4%。     

北京市城市公园土壤铅累积特征、来源及健康风险

城市公园在城市发展中具有社会文化、经济和环境服务等多重功能,城市和经济的快速发展可能导致城市公园土壤重金属累积从而威胁人体健康.采集北京市32个典型公园140个土壤样品,利用单因子污染指数法和地累积指数法分析了公园土壤Pb的累积特征,通过稳定同位素定量解析了土壤Pb的潜在污染来源,并使用基于蒙特卡洛的概率风险评价方法评估其健康风险.结果表明,北京市城市公园土壤ω(Pb)几何均值为38.63 mg·kg^-1,是北京市土壤背景值的1.48倍,但尚未超过《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 36600-2018)规定的筛选值;城市公园土壤Pb累积随着公园距中心城区的距离和建园时间的增加而增加;2环内、 2～4环和4～6环公园土壤Pb单因子污染指数分别为0.16、 0.10和0.09,均未达到污染水平;地累积指数分别是0.80、 0.07和-0.31,除2环内和2～4环土壤Pb达到无-中度污染水平,4～6环土壤均未达到污染水平;同位素定量源解析表明公园土壤Pb污染主要来源于煤燃烧(45.4%)、道路灰尘(19.6%)和油漆(13.9%);公园土壤Pb...     

RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY FOR KARST AQUIFERS: (1) ESTIMATING KARST CONDUIT-FLOW PARAMETERS

Quantitative ground-water tracing of conduit-dominated karst aquifers allows for reliable and practical interpretation of karst ground-water flow. Insights into the hydraulic geometry of the karst aquifer may be acquired that otherwise could not be obtained by such conventional methods as potentiometric-surface mapping and aquifer testing. Contamination of karst aquifers requires that a comprehensive tracer budget be performed so that karst conduit hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters be obtained. Acquisition of these parameters is necessary for estimating contaminant fate-and-transport. A FORTRAN computer program for estimating total tracer recovery from tracer-breakthrough curves is proposed as a standard method. Estimated hydraulic-flow parameters include mean residence time, mean flow velocity, longitudinal dispersivity, Peclet number, Reynolds number, and Froude number. Estimated geometric parameters include karst conduit sinuous distance, conduit volume, cross-sectional area, diameter, and hydraulic depth. These parameters may be used to (1) develop structural models of the aquifer, (2) improve aquifer resource management, (3) improve ground-water monitoring systems design, (4) improve aquifer remediation, and (5) assess contaminant fate-and-transport. A companion paper demonstrates the use of these hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters in a surface-water model for estimating contaminant fate-and-transport in a karst conduit. Two ground-water tracing studies demonstrate the utility of this program for reliable estimation of necessary karst conduit hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters.     

Sediment manganese and biogenic silica as geochemical indicators in estuarine salt marshes of coastal Georgia, USA

Salt-marsh estuarine sediments are not homogeneous. It is obvious that a steady state cannot be assumed if the depositional environments under which salt marshes accumulate change from subtidal through non-vegetated intertidal to vegetated intertidal state during their formation. In addition to these, the supply of sedimentary material depends on the tidal prism which changes as salt marshes are formed. Based on the study of cores collected in the estuarine region of Georgia, USA, it was found that the Mn/Al ratios in sediments of marsh cores change from subtidal through non-vegetated intertidal to vegetated intertidal. The relative variation of biogenic silica preserved in sediments of marsh core reflects the relative supply rate of organic carbon (phytoplankton) produced in the water column to the sediment surface at the time of deposition. In this paper it is proposed that sediment manganese and biogenic silica may be applied as geochemical indicators of changing depositional environments and organic carbon originating from phytoplankton in the estuarine salt marsh sediments.     

青海民和-海石湾一带重金属异常源初探

利用青海省海东地区多目标地球化学调查获取的大量数据,通过先相关分析再因子分析等多元统计分析方法,对造成青海省民和-海石湾一带表层土壤中Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb四种元素大面积异常的原因进行初步分析。结果表明,Cd、Hg、Pb这三种重金属异常主要与当地的工业生产、交通运输等人类活动有关;而Cr元素不仅与人类的生产生活活动有关,还与成土母质固有的地球化学特性关系密切。废渣、煤屑对异常的形成影响有限,工业废气、燃煤、机动车尾气等产生的大气降尘、扬尘等是主要的异常源。这为生态评价和污染防治提供了重要参考。     

德兴含铜埃达克质斑岩的地球化学特征、成因及地质意义

德兴斑岩铜矿位于扬子地块江南隆起带东缘,含矿斑岩类型为花岗闪长斑岩。岩石主矿物组合为斜长石(中长石、更长石)+石英+钾长石+角闪石+黑云母,常见副矿物为磁铁矿、磷灰石、榍石、钛铁矿和锆石。斑岩主量元素具有高硅(SiO2=63.59%)、高铝(Al2O3=15.54%)、低镁(MgO=2.2%)的特征,岩石富钾贫钠(K2O=3.06%;Na2O=3.67%),高K2O/Na2O(0.89)比;ALK=6.66%,A/CNK=1.086,σ=2.18,A.R=2.07,显示岩石为弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列;稀土元素特征表现为轻稀土富集(121.81×10-6),重稀土亏损(8.8×10-6),具有较大的LREE/HREE比值(13.93);微量元素表现为富集大离子亲石元素LILE(Rb、Ba、La、Sr)和亏损高场强元素HFSE(Nb、Ta、Y),具低Y(11.21×10-6)和Yb(1.23×10-6)含量特征,有较高Sr/Y(57.29)、La/Yb(28.93)比值,具较高的87Sr/86Sr比值(>0.7040),弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.91),以及负εNd值等特征,表明德兴花岗闪长斑岩为"C"型高钾钙碱性埃达克岩,埃达克岩浆来源于活动陆缘加厚下地壳的部分熔融。     

广东省揭西县金坑铜锡铅锌矿床地质、地球化学特征及成因

广东省揭西县金坑铜锡铅锌矿位于惠阳—梅县新华夏构造体系之莲花山深大断裂带,矿体受断裂控制,呈脉状产于上侏罗统高基坪群火山岩层间滑动带。通过对该矿床地质及地球化学特征研究,认为该矿床成矿物质来源主要是地壳同熔型花岗岩,热液来源与花岗岩关系密切,是岩浆期后热液裂隙充填(交代)型矿床。     

Effect of orchard age on soil nitrogen transformation in subtropical China and implications

A better understanding of nitrogen transformation in soils could reveal the capacity for biological inorganic N supply and improve the efficiency of N fertilizers. In this study, a ¹⁵N tracing study was carried out to investigate the effects of converting woodland to orchard, and orchard age on the gross rates of N transformation occurring simultaneously in subtropical soils in Eastern China. The results showed that inorganic N supply rate was remained constant with soil organic C and N contents increased after converting woodland into citrus orchard and with increasing orchard age. This phenomenon was most probably due to the increase in the turnover time of recalcitrant organic-N, which increased with decreasing soil pH along with increasing orchard age significantly. The amoA gene copy numbers of both archaeal and bacterial were stimulated by orchard planting and increased with increasing orchard age. The nitrification capacity (defined as the ratio of gross rate of nitrification to total gross rate of mineralization) increased following the Michaelis–Menten equation, sharply in the first 10 years after woodland conversion to orchard, and increased continuously but much more slowly till 30 years. Due to the increase in nitrification capacity and unchanged NO₃⁻ consumption, the dominance of ammonium in inorganic N in woodland soil was shifted to nitrate dominance in orchard soils. These results indicated that the risk of NO₃⁻ loss was expected to increase and the amount of N needed from fertilizers for fruit growth did not change although soil organic N accumulated with orchard age.     

东江干流水体氮的时空变化特征及来源分析

为了防治东江氮污染并进行针对性水体治理,于2013年7月(丰水期)和2014年1月(枯水期)全面调查了东江干流水体氮的时空变化特征,并利用附生藻的稳定性氮同位素示踪技术对东江水体氮进行了溯源研究.结果表明,TN、NO-3-N、NH+4-N在丰水期的平均浓度分别为2.70、1.63、0.21 mg·L-1,高于枯水期(TN,2.04 mg·L-1;NO-3-N,1.49 mg·L-1;NH+4-N,0.31 mg·L-1);东江水体氮含量较高,且主要以NO-3-N形态存在.各形态氮浓度自上游至下游的变化趋势表现为,TN和NO-3-N先递减再升高,NH+4-N则逐渐递增.稳定性氮同位素示踪表明,面源输入的人畜粪便、养殖废水及农业化肥等是上游区域氮的主要来源,贡献率约占91%;而在下游区域,城市污水的贡献率逐渐增大,并成为氮的主要来源,贡献率达到54%.