基于地球化学特性的海州湾海洋牧场沉积物重金属研究

海洋牧场是一种新的可持续的生产方式,对中国海洋经济的转型具有重要作用.本文根据海底构筑物的密集程度与投放时间把海州湾海洋牧场划分为3个区(外侧区、内测区、中心区),对表层沉积物的温度(T)、酸碱度(p H)、氧化还原电位(Eh)、表面积平均粒径(D[3,2])、总有机碳(TOC)这5种地球化学指标进行原位调查,采用改进的BCR方法对重金属Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cd进行连续提取.结果表明,沉积物Eh的横向分布受到了海底构筑物的影响,TOC在11.7~13.5 g·kg-1之间,与p H呈显著负相关;Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr以原生相为主要赋存形态,Pb、Cd以次生相的铁锰氧化物结合态(F2)为主要赋存形态,并受Eh控制;相关性及聚类分析表明,Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn为天然源,Cd、Pb存在明显的人为来源;Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的可交换及碳酸盐结合态(F1)与TOC显著相关,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd铁锰氧化物结合态(F2)、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn的残渣态(F4)都与沉积物粒度显著相关,不同形态的Cd受多环境因子控制;海洋牧场中心区和外侧区沉积物中重金属总量、次生相含量均较内侧区和对照区要低.由于海底构筑物和水动力学的差异性,海洋牧场内侧区细颗粒与有机质对沉积物重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn次生相的富集、吸附作用要大于颗粒再悬浮的释放作用,而在中心区、外侧区细颗粒和有机质影响较小;沉积物富集系数显示Cd出现了富集现象.     

WATER RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS IN WEST CENTRAL IRAN USING LANDSAT DATA1

ABSTRACT: Extensive investigations have been undertaken to determine the utility of Landsat data for detecting and analyzing hydrologic characteristics of an interior watershed of Iran that drains to Daryachehye-Namak (salt lake). This interior playa serves as the terminus for surface water discharging to it from the Karaj, Shur, Saveh, and Ghom Rivers and ground water from their underlying aquifers. These drainage systems encompass heavily populated and industrial sectors of west central Iran, including Tehran. The result of this investigation demonstrates the applicability of Landsat data for mapping and monitoring water regimen as an aid in interpreting hydrologic conditions throughout this arid region. Fluctuation of water area in a playa lake, occupying the lowest part of this closed basin, was monitored on repetitive Landsat coverage. As the result of field investigations combined with optical and digital analyses of the Landsat data, fluctuating water depths were determined in order to estimate the volume of water present in this lake during various seasons. A comparison between stream discharge rates and the estimated volume of standing water make it possible to quantitatively evaluate the hydrologic regimen and to detect the significance of ground water discharge.     

内蒙古典型草原土壤及其水文过程对灌丛化的响应

基于野外观测和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了内蒙古典型草原小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化过程对土壤和土壤水文过程的影响,旨在为干旱半干旱区环境保护和恢复提供理论基础。结果表明,斑块尺度上,灌丛斑块土壤有机质和全氮含量分别是草地斑块的1.54倍和1.16倍;灌丛斑块平均沙粒、粉粒和粘粒含量是草地斑块的0.87倍、1.34倍和1.35倍;灌丛斑块土壤容重是草地斑块的0.97倍;灌丛斑块钙积层上表面出现深度是草地斑块的1.27倍。地形等自然条件也是形成土壤异质性的重要因子,坡面尺度上,灌丛和草地斑块土壤有机质、全氮、土壤容重、土壤钙积层上表面出现深度呈自坡顶向坡下方向增加的趋势。染色示踪实验表明,灌丛斑块土壤剖面湿润锋和土壤水分入渗速率分别是草地斑块的1.36倍和5.16倍,草地斑块0~10cm土层对水分的响应较敏感,而灌丛斑块25 cm以下土层对水分的响应较敏感。研究认为,灌丛化过程增强了土壤空间异质性,灌丛斑块能将土壤水分快速输送并存储于深层土壤中,灌丛斑块是土壤养分和水分富集区,灌木植物的定居和发展过程与土壤形态之间形成了正反馈。     

石灰土(碳酸盐岩风化壳)形成地球化学过程研究

以选自贵州遵义官坝、安顺天龙和贵阳龙洞堡三个剖面为例,运用ACNK和ACNKFM三角图解、元素对的协变特征及元素质量迁移系数,对石灰土形成的地球化学过程进行了详细讨论。结果显示:石灰土形成地球化学过程遵循碳酸盐岩风化成土之两阶段模式;官坝剖面的风化程度和过渡性具有碳酸盐岩风化成土初级阶段的特征,天龙和龙洞堡剖面与红色风化壳的基本特征相似,体现出所经历的风化作用过程或所处的阶段不同;龙洞堡剖面与天龙剖面的地球化学特征和演化过程存在一些不同,可能指示灰岩和白云岩风化壳的本质差异。     

运用地球化学防治矿山环境污染

本文阐述了运用地球化学防治矿山环境污染的基本原理和一些应用实例,介绍了矿山环境污染和地球化学的基本联系;阐述了地球化学勘查方法和对尾矿、废石以及矿山酸性废水的治理的应用;探讨了美国在矿床的地球化学背景和基准值、矿床地质—环境模型应用方面的先进经验,并针对国情提出了一些其它防治矿山环境污染的地球化学方法。     

鄂尔多斯白垩系环河含水岩组中的地球化学反向模拟

在了解鄂尔多斯盆地的地形、地势、地貌、新构造运动、岩石类型、岩性构造和其他特征的基础上，运用化学热力学原理、质量作用定律和质量守恒定律，用反向模拟的方法对白垩系环河组地下水进行了水-岩作用的地球化学模拟。对该区地下水的演化过程进行了定量的分析研究，揭示了其水化学场的形成机理，总结了矿物的溶解沉淀规律，为该区水文地质模型的建立、地下水资源的水质水量评价及其合理开发利用和科学管理提供了科学依据，可供该地区水土流失等地质灾害的预防和综合治理参考。     

An Environmental Application of Regional Geochemical Mapping in Understanding Enzootic Geophagia of Calves in the Reivilo Area, South Africa

A specific enzootic form of geophagia (the deliberate ingestion of soil) occurs in young cattle and sheep in restricted areas of the Barkley-West, Postmasburg and Vryburg Districts of the Northern Cape- and North West Provinces of the Republic of South Africa. It results in severe, subacute to chronic hepatitis and jaundice, with a high mortality rate in untreated cases. An association between the disease and high concentrations of manganese in soils was shown since all the affected farms are situated on outcrops of the Reivilo Formation of the Campbell Rand Subgroup, which consists mainly of manganiferous dolomite. Furthermore high concentrations of manganese were found in the analysis of liver specimens from affected calves and the characteristic microscopic pathological changes in the liver could be induced experimentally in a calf and lamb by oral administration of manganese sulphate. The highest incidence of geophagia occurs at 7 to 14 days, whereas calves older than about 2 months are rarely affected. The symptoms usually start with intermittent, progressive geophagia, followed by constipation, dehydration and death within ca. 7–10 days in untreated cases. Young calves and lambs display an insatiable appetite for soil and sometimes lick iron poles. The treatment of calves by the parenteral injection of commercial iron-dextran- and vitamin B₁₂ preparations at 1 to 2 days after birth, and at 14 days of age, at the registered therapeutic doses, appeared to have a marked preventative effect on the occurrence of geophagia and its complications. Regional geochemical maps show a northeast–southwest trending anomaly in MnO, Zn and Pb, visually correlating with the distribution of the affected farms. Anomalously high distributions of Pb and Zn are also spatially related to the Pering (Pb,Zn) Mine. In this study, two farms were selected for comparative purposes. Gam, a farm situated on the Reivilo Formation of the Campbellrand Subgroup was chosen where a high incidence of geophagia occurred, as well as the farm Holpan on the Lyttelton Formation of the Malmani Subgroup where the problem was not known to be present. The farm Holpan was chosen as a control area, and is situated close to an old manganese mine on dolomite with a high MnO content. Geographically, Holpan is situated in an area with a high rainfall, with leaching and the formation of deep red soils on the dolomite, together with a hilly relief and low soil pH_{H 2 O}. Gam is situated in an area with lower rainfall, where precipitation would be less than evapotranspiration. The dolomite of the Malmani Subgroup and the Reivilo Formation are significantly different in their soil geochemistry. The MnO, Fe₂O₃ ^T and Co contents are significantly higher in the soils of the Malmani Subgroup than in the Reivilo Formation. The MnO, Zn and Pb contents on Gam are higher than on Holpan, whereas the Fe₂O₃ ^T and Co contents are lower. Soil on Holpan contains iron-minerals such as haematite, while no iron minerals were detected in the soils of Gam. The concretions, found in the soils on both farms, differs remarkably in iron-contents. Concretions on both farms have similar high concentrations of MnO, whereas the FeO content are low for the concretions on Gam and high for Holpan. Preliminary comparative analytical results of the colostrum, sampled from cows with new born calves within three days of birth, do not entirely reflect the soil geochemistry of the different farms. Whereas the soils on Gam have higher MnO, Zn and Pb, and lower Fe₂O₃ ^T and Co than Holpan, the colostrum produced on Gam has lower Mn, Fe and Co than on Holpan. The Pb and Zn concentrations in the colostrum on both farms do not differ significantly. The comparative regional geochemical soil data, together with the colostrum data, suggest that young calves on the farm Gam probably suffer from Fe and Co deficiency. Conversely, it was illustrated that the Fe and Co content in the soils are high and the Fe is abundant in the concretions on the farm Holpan. These findings, together with the apparent absence of geophagia at Holpan, as well as the observed effect of iron and cobalt supplementation in the prevention of geophagia on the farm Gam, suggests an association of geophagia with iron and cobalt deficiencies on the farm Gam.     

20世纪全球重大毒性灾害及其历史教训

本文回顾了20世纪世界41个国家发生的200起重大毒性灾害，分析研究了毒性灾害种类的历史演变、成因与特征，及其对人类社会和经济发展造成的重大影响和与经济损失。研究表明，随着科技发展与经济的全球化，21世纪将是毒性灾害频繁发生的时期，应从历史事件中汲取经验教训，采取果断有力措施，减少毒性灾害的发生，减轻毒性灾害造成的损失。     

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOFTWATER FLORIDA LAKES AND THEIR SENSITIVITY TO ACID PRECIPITATION1

ABSTRACT: Based on alkalinity data for 596 lakes, 31 percent of Florida's 7300 lakes have < 100 μeq/l alkalinity and are sensitive to acid depostion. More than two-thirds of the lakes in 12 northern Florida counties fit this criterion. Increasing aluminum and decreasing nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations were observed with decressing pH in a survery of 20 softwater lakes. Maximum measured aluminum values (100-150 μg/L) are below levels asociated with fish toxicity. Factor analysis showed that lake chemistry was related to three principal factors, representing three major processes: watershed weathering, acidification, and nutrient inputs. An acidification index defined as the difference between excess SO₄^2- and excess (Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺) accounted for 74 percent of the variance in lake pH. Comparison of historical (late 1950a) and present data for pH, alkalinity, and excess SO₄^2- indicated loss of alkalinity (>25 μeq/L) and increase in excess SO₄^2- (16-34 μeq/L) in several softwater lakes.     

南岳森林土壤的研究——Ⅱ.化学性状和土壤有机质

本文介绍了南岳森林土壤与母岩的化学性状,以了解气候和植被对土壤的影响;介绍了土壤有机质的作用、含量、分布;讨论了影响土壤有机质含量的因素并给出了循环模型。