THE IMPORTANCE OF SOIL IN EVALUATING POTENTIAL WASTE WATER DISPOSAL SITES IN THE MISSOURI OZARKS1

ABSTRACT: A number of criteria can be used in the selection of an area for the irrigation disposal of secondary treated waste water. The inherent capacity of the surface soil to retain, or at least detain, the various nutrient ions passing through the profile in the percolating waters becomes the prime consideration in regions with shallow water tables or in Karst areas such as the Missouri Ozarks where the risk of ground water supply contamination is high. A comprehensive study of the nutrient renovation potential of several soils was undertaken at a proposed effluent irrigation site along the Ozark National Scenic Riverways in south central Missouri. The surface soil hydrology was evaluated employing selected soil water parameters. Exchange equilibria studies determined the retention capacity for Ca and Mg while the concentrations of other selected ions were analyzed in the soil water to measure their retention time and net removal. The movement of a bromine tracer was monitored as an index of the renovation capacity of these soils for the more mobile anions such as nitrate. Neutron activation analysis proved to be a useful tool in the water quality analyses. All surface soil profiles demonstrated some degree of nutrient renovation for the various nutrients studied.     

Levels and speciation of heavy metals in soils of industrial Southern Nigeria

A knowledge of the total content of trace metals is not enoughto fully assess the environmental impact of polluted soils. Forthis reason, the determination of metal species in solution isimportant to evaluate their behaviour in the environment andtheir mobilization capacity. Sequential extraction procedure wasused to speciate five heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn) fromfour contaminated soils of Southern Nigeria into sixoperationally defined geochemical species: water soluble,enchangeable, carbonates, Fe-Mn oxide, organic and residual.Metal recoveries were within ± 10% of the independentlydetermined total Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations. The highest amount of Cd (avg. 30%) in the nonresidual fractionswas found in the exchangeable fraction, while Cu and Zn weresignificantly associated with the organic fraction. Thecarbonate fraction contained on average 14, 18.6, 12.6, 13 and11% and the residual fraction contained on average 47, 18, 33,50 and 25% of Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn respectively. Assuming thatmobility and bioavailability of these metals are related to thesolubility of the geochemical form of the metals, and that theydecrease in the order of extraction sequence, the apparentmobility and potential bioavailability for these five metals inthe soil were: Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. The mobility indexes ofcopper and nickel correlated positively and significantly withthe total content of metals, while mobility indexes of cadmiumand zinc correlated negatively and significantly with the totalcontent of metals.     

地球化学动力学反应器原理和速率方程测定

主要介绍了地球化学动力学实验研究中的三种反应器类型，即间歇反应器、活塞流反应器和混合流反应器，概述了它们的工作原理和速率方程测定方法，最后对比了三类反应器的性能，指出混合流反应器最适合于测定矿物－水反应速率。     

Microbial Fe(III) Reduction in Acidic Mining Lake Sediments after Addition of an Organic Substrate and Lime

To elucidate the role of Fe(III) reduction in mining lake sediments amended with organic substrates, we performed a large (10 m diameter) enclosure experiment in which sediments were amended with Carbokalk, a waste product from sugar industry containing organic carbon and lime. Fe(III) reduction rates were determined monthly by measuring the accumulation of Fe(II) in the sediments in the field. Fe(III) reduction rates were also determined by incubating sediment samples with synthetic Fe(III) oxyhydroxide under in situ temperature in the laboratory. Sulfate reduction was selectively inhibited in the Fe(III) reduction experiments by addition of sodium molybdate. Sulfate reduction was measured by accumulation of reduced inorganic sulfides in the field and by ³⁵S radiotracer using a core injection technique. Sediment incubation and determination of sulfate reduction rates with radiotracer showed that sulfate reduction and direct microbial Fe(III) reduction occured simultaneously in the upper centimeters of the sediments and that both processes contributed to alkalinity generation. However, Fe(III) reduction was the initial process and rates were at least 3.5 fold higher than sulfate reduction rates. The results indicate that the presence of suitable anions for Fe(II) precipitation as carbonate or sulfide is needed in order to prevent loss of potential alkalinity by Fe(II) diffusion and reoxidation in the water column.     

DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE SCALE GRIDDED RIVER NETWORKS FROM VECTOR STREAM DATA1

ABSTRACT: The Network Tracing Method (NTM) has been developed to determine gridded coarse river networks for modeling large hydrologic systems. For a coarse resolution grid, the NTM determines the downstream cell of each cell and the distance along the actual meandering flow paths between them. Unlike previously developed methods, the NTM uses fine resolution vector river networks as the source of information of the flow patterns rather than digital elevation models. The main advantage of using vector river networks as input is that they capture the hydrologic terrain features better than topographic data do, particularly in areas of low topographic relief. The NTM was applied to South America with a grid resolution of 1 degree by 1 degree and to the globe with a resolution of 2.815 degrees by 2.8125 degrees. Overall, the method captured the flow patterns well. Generated digital river networks and drainage divides showed minor disagreement with those obtained from existing maps, and most of them were consistent with the resolution of the coarse river network. The majority of estimated basin areas were also close to documented values. River lengths calculated with the NTM, however, were consistently underpredicted.     

Quantifying Fine-Sediment Sources in Primary and Selectively Logged Rainforest Catchments Using Geochemical Tracers

Detailed information on post-logging sediment dynamics in tropical catchments is required for modelling downstream impacts on communities and ecosystems. Sediment tracing methods, which are potentially useful in extending to the large catchment scale and longer time scales, are tested in primary and selectively logged rainforest catchments of Sabah, Borneo. Selected nutrient (P and N) and trace metal (Ni and Zn) concentrations are shown to discriminate surface, shallow subsurface and deep subsurface sediment sources. Analysis of channel-stored fine-sediment samples and use of an unmixing model allow the relative importance of these vertical sediment sources to be estimated and erosion processes to be inferred for catchments of contrasting size.     

基于地球化学基线的土壤重金属污染风险评价

在实地采样分析的基础上,采用标准化方法确定浑河冲洪积平原表层土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr、As、Cd这七种重金属的地球化学基线,分别以土壤环境背景值和地球化学基线为参比值,结合müller地积累指数法和Hkanson潜在生态风险指数法对污染现状和潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明:其中Pb和As污染较为严重,七种重金属均具有不同程度的潜在生态风险,Cd是具有相对较高潜在生态风险的污染因子,45%采样点土壤多种重金属的潜在生态风险达到中等。     

葫芦岛东北部土壤重金属分布特征及来源解析

选择典型辽宁省工矿型城市葫芦岛,以东北部的龙岗区、连山区和南票区为研究区,基于1：25万土地质量调查获取的重金属数据,分析探讨土壤重金属的分布特征、赋存形态及污染来源.结果发现：研究区表层和深层土壤8项重金属平均含量均高于辽宁省背景值,其中表层土壤Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg、As空间上呈现出龙港区沿海及内陆局部浓集的特点,Ni、Cr高值区主要分布在下白垩统和中侏罗统火山岩地层区.各重金属富集系数平均值表现为Cd > Hg > Pb > Zn > As > Cu > Cr > Ni,其中,Cd 3.41、Hg 2.93,空间上表现为大面积强烈富集.土壤中Cd主要以离子交换态为主,占全量的54.38%,生态风险最高.土壤剖面中Cd、Pb、Hg、Zn总体呈现出"表聚性"特征,而Cu、As、Cr、Ni呈现出"平稳性"特征,且不同成土母质对重金属具有明显的控制.各重金属单项污染指数平均值表现为Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni > As > Hg,其中Cd污染水平较高.来源分析显示,Zn、Cu、Cd、As、Pb主要受工业、交通、生活、采矿等人类活动的综合影响,Cr、Ni主要受地质背景控制,而Hg更多来源于煤炭燃烧.     

化工企业储运系统恒功率电伴热带的应用及风险控制

通过不同类型电伴热带的特性比较,分析化工储运的生产特点和对电伴热适应性要求,找出储运系统电伴热应用过程存在的主要风险因素,从风险控制的角度提出恒功率电伴热带的方案设计、安装、运行管理、故障排除、应急管理5个方面的优化措施,以提高恒功率电伴热系统的安全性、稳定性。     

西江上游有色金属产业集聚区河流沉积物重金属空间分布特征与来源解析

为研究西江上游有色金属产业聚集区对河流沉积物环境的影响,在西江上游的刁江、龙江、融江和柳江四条河流选取12个采样点,分析测定了10种重金属元素（Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、Cr、Ni、Tl、Sb和Hg）在沉积物中的含量,采用相关分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和Pb同位素示踪技术剖析沉积物中重金属的分布特征与污染来源.结果表明:① 污染物含量方面,沉积物中w（As）、w（Pb）、w（Cd）、w（Ni）、w（Zn）、w（Cu）、w（Tl）、w（Hg）、w（Sb）、w（Cr）平均值分别为95.42、113.09、4.92、28.03、416.51、27.07、0.75、0.31、34.02、57.58 mg/kg,w（As）、w（Sb）、w（Zn）、w（Pb）和w（Cd）的变化较大,分异显著,受外来源影响较大.② 空间上,内梅罗指数结果显示,刁江沉积物中重金属污染程度最高,龙江次之,融江和柳江较低.③ 污染物来源方面,As、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu和Sb具有同源性,与西江上游有色金属聚集区矿产开发有关,Ni、Tl、Hg和Cr具有同源性,与地质背景自然源因子有关;沉积物样品206Pb/207Pb变化范围为1.08~1.19,4条河流沉积物Pb同位素比值与大厂、车河矿石同位素比值接近程度依次为刁江、龙江、融江、柳江.Pb同位素示踪分析结果进一步验证了刁江和龙江沉积物中重金属主要受有色金属采选冶矿业活动影响,融江、柳江沉积物中重金属主要由地质背景自然源因子所致.