金顶铅锌矿区铅锌氧化矿石中镉的风化淋滤实验

云南金顶铅锌矿是中国较为典型的高镉铅锌矿区之一。通过模拟常温条件下天然雨水的自然淋滤过程,对矿区两个典型的富镉氧化矿石样品进行了长时淋滤实验研究。初步结果表明:随着淋滤时间的延长,滤液中pH值(pH=7.2～8.5)和SO42-浓度无显著变化。滤液中Cl-离子浓度随时间呈显著增大趋势。溶解态镉和其它主要元素铅、锌、铜和锰质量浓度变化随时间呈降低趋势。铅锌氧化矿石易淋出而释放出镉等有害元素,滤出元素可以迅速发生沉淀或被沉淀物包裹,其能力表现为Zn>Pb>Cd。两个不同矿石镉的淋失量有所差别,矿石中菱锌矿质量分数是影响镉淋失的主要因素。矿区富镉岩石和矿物的自然风化对矿区流域水生态环境造成潜在危害。     

攀枝花市土壤微量元素分布

以攀技花市为例，初步研究了该市土壤中微量元素分布的地球化学特征及城市环境污染特征。因子分析结果表明，各层土壤中的元素可分为两类：一类是引起城市土壤污染的重金属元素，另一类则是以稀土元素为代表的微量元素。城市土壤微量元素污染的分布特征表明，该市土壤微量元素的污染与该市的采矿冶炼等工业活动有直接联系。     

土壤-水环境系统有机氯农药地球化学特征

为探索有机氯农药在扩散迁移、水-土界面作用等表生地球化学过程中的组成变化规律,对经济作物基地有机氯农药研究发现:土壤和水介质中17种有机氯农药均有检出,主要污染物为HCHs、DDTs和硫丹硫酸盐。土壤中有机氯农药含量(3.47～544.22ng/g)远高于水体中有机氯农药含量(2.55～4.06ng/L),水体中有机氯农药有随深度而降低的趋势。通过等值线图描述HCHs和DDTs在土壤表层(0～5cm)和土壤下层(5～20cm)中的空间分布,反映了人类使用农药的历史。统计分析显示有机氯农药组分间的相关性较强(相关系数R为0.63～0.84(P<0.01,N=23)),这与农药来源相对稳定(即主要是早期使用残留)有关。     

GROUNDWATER GEOCHEMISTRY IN THE SEMINOLE WELL FIELD,CEDAR RAPIDS,IOWA1

The City of Cedar Rapids obtains its municipal water supply from four well fields in an alluvial aquifer along the Cedar River in east-central Iowa. Since 1992, the City and the U.S. Geological Survey have cooperatively studied the groundwater-flow system and water chemistry near the well fields. The geochemistry in the alluvial aquifer near the Seminole Well Field was assessed to identify potentially reactive minerals and possible chemical reactions that produce observed changes in water chemistry. Calcite, dolomite, ferrihydrite, quartz, rhodochrosite, and siderite were identified as potentially reactive minerals by calculating saturation indexes. Aluminosiicate minerals including albite, Ca-montmorillonite, gibbsite, illite, K-feldspar, and kaolinite were identified as potentially reactive minerals using hypothetical saturation indexes calculated with an assumed dissolved aluminum concentration of 1 microgram per liter. Balanced chemical equations derived from inverse-modeling techniques were used to assess chemical reactions as precipitation percolates to the water table. Calcite dissolution was predominate, but aluminosilicate weathering, cation exchange, and redox reactions also likely occurred. Microbial-catalyzed redox reactions altered the chemical composition of water infiltrating from the Cedar River into the alluvial aquifer by consuming dissolved oxygen, reducing nitrate, and increasing dissolved iron and manganese concentrations. Nitrate reduction only occurred in relatively shallow (3 to 7 meters below land surface) groundwater near the Cedar River and did not occur in water infiltrating to deeper zones of the alluvial aquifer.     

用分子地球化学方法监测青岛海藻中痕量的油品污染

两种海藻采自山东青岛太平角及汇泉角,在研究其化学组成的过程中发现,抽提物饱和烃馏份中的生物标志化合物面貌具有成熟原油的特征,它们的成熟度参数C29甾20S/(20S 20R)值达0.51,细菌生源的藿烷类化合物m/z191的强度,比生源为藻类等有机质的甾烷类化合物m/z217的强度高出约—个数量级,并且存在成岩过程的热演化产物重排甾烷,这些都不是所分析的两种现代生物藻所应具有的生物标志物面貌,而是某一种成熟原油的面貌。经将样品加热模拟实验后,进一步证实山东省青岛太平角及汇泉角的海藻可能已遭现代油品的痕量污染。     

Comparisons of Geochemical Signatures of Biotransformation of Fuel Hydrocarbons in Groundwater

Biotransformation processes play an active role in reducing the environmental impact of fuel hydrocarbon releases to groundwater. Because monitoring data at release locations are typically sparse, spatial variations in geochemical indicator parameters are often called upon as indirect evidence of biotransformation. These parameters include concentrations of electron acceptors (O₂, NO₃ ^-, SO> ₄ ^2- , reduced redox reaction by-products (Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, CH₄), as well as bicarbonate alkalinity, pH and E_h. However, background variability in a number of these parameters complicates the task of data interpretation, particularly in the case of small data sets. In this study, correlation analyses are applied to geochemical indicator data at six hydrocarbon groundwater contamination sites in California to identify which parameters are the most reliable indicators. The results of the analyses suggest that the most direct indicators of the local redox environment – Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, CH₄, E_h – yield the most consistent evidence of hydrocarbon biotransformation. Indicators which rely largely on mass balance – O₂, NO ₃ ^- , SO ₄ ^2- , alkalinity – appear to be less reliable. These findings may provide guidance in both the collection and interpretation of groundwater monitoring data at hydrocarbon contamination sites.     

Water geochemistry and dissolution rates of the karst-dominated Houzhai River basin,China

ABSTRACT

Houzhai (Guizhou Province, Southwest China) is a typical karstification area, with dolomite and limestone constituting the major rock types. The aim of this study was to utilize major element mass-balance and multivariate statistical methods to analyze the chemical composition of water in the Houzhai River catchment area with regard to seasonal variations in ion content, dissolution reactions, and rates. Data demonstrated that the Houzhai's hydrochemical composition is dominated by calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), bicarbonate (HCO₃^?), and sulfate (SO₄^2?) which predominantly originated from chemical weathering of carbonate rocks like limestone and dolomite. Carbonate weathering contributes 83% of the dissolved Ca²⁺. Sulfuric acid also plays an important role in rock weathering. Our analysis identified three principal sources of hydrochemical variation in the study area, including dolomite dissolution, limestone dissolution, and anthropogenic activities. In addition, the identified two main hydrochemical facies were characterized by the predominance of Ca-Mg-HCO₃ and Ca-Mg-HCO₃-SO₄. In terms of temporal variation, all of the examined parameters showed strong inter-annual and seasonal variations of concentration distribution, except pH levels and potassium and sodium (K⁺+Na⁺). The dissolution rate of carbonate was estimated using the concentration of Ca²⁺ and discharge rate, which constitutes a simple, practical, and innovative method. Compared with other research methods, our strategy was found to be simple, feasible, readily adaptable, and less demanding of data inputs.     

福建晚白垩世古土壤特征及其古环境意义

古土壤是重建古气候的重要手段,第四纪以前古土壤因受各种地质作用影响不易被识别.本研究以福建西部连城盆地晚白垩世红层 —— 冠豸山剖面为研究对象,通过野外观察、土壤微结构和地球化学元素迁移等方法识别和获得古土壤发育特征,并分析古土壤形成环境.冠豸山剖面共有10个薄层古土壤,主要为新成土和始成土两种类型,土壤发育较弱,没有明显的黏化层和钙结核层.沉积物颗粒和稀土元素分布特征显示剖面中含有一定的风积组分,风积物经短暂流水搬运再次沉积,形成沉积层理.红色碎屑颗粒在沉积之前已经历相当程度的风化,沉积后在干旱环境下成壤较弱,因此,对其古气候或古环境的认识需依据古土壤发育特征,这为研究类似红层提供了新的思路.     

Assessment of Quality for Middle Level and High School Student‐Generated Water Quality Data

Student scientists have analyzed groundwater used for drinking water in rural areas to understand groundwater quality. This was part of a greater effort to understand risks to drinking water. The data produced by middle level and high school students have not been accepted by experts because of concerns about method and student accuracy. We assessed the inherent errors associated with method accuracy, student precision, and sample variability to establish bounds for attainable trueness in water analyses. Analytical test kits and probes were evaluated for the determination of pH, conductivity, chloride, hardness, iron, total soluble metals, and nitrate. In terms of precision, all methods met or exceeded design specifications. Method trueness was variable and in general ranged from good to poor depending on method. A gage reproducibility and repeatability analysis of instrumental methods (pH and conductivity) partitioned the variances into student error (12‐46%), instrumental error (8‐21%), and random error (45‐68%). Overall, student‐generated data met some of the quality objectives consistent with the method limitations. Some methods exhibited a systematic bias and data adjustment may be necessary. Given good management of the student analyst process, it is possible to make precise and accurate measurements consistent with the methods specifications.