应用高效离子交换色谱分析青枯菌的致病力分

应用高效离子交换色谱和激光光散射仪检测器对不同致病力的青枯菌进行分析,建立了一种快速检测青枯菌致病力分化的新方法青枯菌纯培养物经过高效离子交换色谱分离得到3个致病力不同的特征峰,大小依次为峰3组分>峰2组分>峰1组分.对10株青枯菌进行色谱分析,并结合番茄组培苗感染试验检测其致病力,结果发现,强致病力菌株经过色谱分离只在峰3的保留时间位置出现单一特征峰,在9 d内即可引起100%的番茄组培苗发病;若菌株经过色谱分离形成3个特征峰,则峰3所占的面积比越大,该菌株的致病性相对就越强.25株不同致病力青枯菌的验证试验表明了该方法的可行性,番茄组培苗发病率x与峰3面积比y之间呈现出良好的线性关系,回归方程y=0.9581x+5.4984,相关系数r=0.986.通过对青枯菌色谱行为、致病力、细胞表而黏附的EPS Ⅰ含量三者之间相互关系的进一步研究,发现青枯菌的致病力越强,则细胞表面黏附的EPSⅠ越多,峰3所占的面积比就越大.图3表6参15     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

Radiometric and environmental impacts of mill tailings at experimental plant processing unit,Allouga, Egypt

Abstract

Uranium mining and ore processing are known to be harmful to the environment and human health if the waste generated is not managed properly. The aim of the present study is to determine the radiological indices in the mill tailings and review the possible attempts to utilize and minimize its hazardous effect. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides, ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra, and ⁴⁰K have been measured by gamma spectrometry using HP-Ge detector. The average activity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra, and ⁴⁰K in the tailings wastes were 2071.8, 59.92, 6921.262, and 445. 57?Bq/kg respectively which are higher than the international average limit. The ranges of hazard indices such as Radium equivalent activity (Ra_eq), external hazard index (H_ex), internal hazard index (H_in), γ-radiation hazard index I_γ, Dose rate (nGy/h) and annual effective dose equivalent (AED), were estimated. Uraniumm isotopic ratios in the ore –material and mill tailing samples indicate migration out of radionuclides to the surrounding environment causing contamination and many dangerous diseases. Fairly, all investigated tailing waste samples do not satisfy the universal standards, the studied wastes relatively still have high uranium contents and need reprocessing.     

基于地理探测器的湖南新石器时期聚落遗址人居环境适宜度评价

湖南地区是长江中游新石器时期文化发源地之一,为了更有效地了解新石器时期的人地关系,以高程、坡度、坡向、水体、地貌、土壤和植被类型这7个指标构建新石器时期聚落遗址人居环境模糊指数综合评价体系,运用地理探测器的因子探测法确定各要素的权重,在ArcGIS中将各因子的权重值进行加权叠加和综合等级类型分类,最终得到湖南新石器时期聚落遗址人居环境适宜度评价结果:宜居度中等以上的区域面积最大,总面积为18.59万km2,占湖南省总面积的87.77％;水体权重值占比最高;古人偏爱聚水而居,且集中分布在洞庭湖区域,湘、资、沅、澧周边沿干流分布或在河流的交汇区域分布;适宜度等级较高的遗址类型偏向于丘陵型、台地型和平原型;宜居度中等及以上的遗址多分布在地形较低、朝南、微斜坡、地貌、土壤和植被类型最为丰富的区域.本文可为今后史前聚落遗址分布与自然环境分析提供借鉴意义.     

利用马尔柯夫过程预测锡林河流域草原退化格局的变化

以我国北方典型草原模式地段之一的锡林河流域草原为研究对象,根据研究区两个时期遥感影像解译的植被类型图衍生出草原植被退化图。在对草原退化图统一网格化后,计算各网格草原退化指数,并加以分级,确定不同草原退化等级之间转移概率,并应用马尔柯夫模型预测锡林河流域草原退化格局的演变趋势。结果表明:如果不采取防止草地退化的根本性措施,草原退化态势还将继续下去。以每个网格草原退化指数值为各网格草原退化状况划分依据,以3km×3km网格为统计单元,在流域总面积为10701km₂情况下,预测结果是:2005年,锡林河流域草原退化为3级的网格总面积是3776km₂,占流域总面积的35.29%;4、5级网格面积之和为5427km₂,达到流域总面积的50.71%。2025年,锡林河流域草原退化为3级的网格面积总和是3389km₂,占流域总面积的31.67%;4、5级网格面积之和为6406km₂,达到流域总面积的59.86%。     

安徽省O3浓度时空分异及其驱动因素研究

基于2017—2018年安徽省132个空气质量监测站点的O₃浓度观测数据及各月份的气象与前体物排放数据, 采用空间自相关分析、地理探测器等方法分析安徽O₃浓度的时空分异及其驱动因素. 结果表明:安徽O₃浓度的峰值出现在5月和6月, 超标率分别为31.4%和42.8%. O₃浓度整体呈空间集聚特征, 高值区主要出现在安徽东北部的蚌埠、宿州、淮南和滁州4市, 低值主要分布在皖南山区. 气象要素是安徽省O₃浓度格局形成的主控因素, 其中6月的边界层高度(q=0.644)、近地面太阳辐射(q=0.597)和风速(q=0.571)的影响最大, 且呈正向影响, 风速的增大和边界层高度的增加可能使得输入性污染增加. 降雨量(q=-0.532)和相对湿度(q=-0.559)呈负向影响, 且降雨带的移动是影响安徽夏季O₃分布格局的一项关键因素. 本地前体物排放对安徽O₃浓度的影响受到气象要素的驱动, 在夏季呈正向, 而冬季呈反向, 其中CO的影响相对较大. 6月气象要素与本地前体物排放的双因子交互驱动对O₃浓度的空间分异具有增强作用. 边界层高度和近地面太阳辐射与本地前体物的组合解释力均大于0.7, 在不利的气象条件下, 应进一步加强对本地前体物排放的管控.     

MIP系统在某挥发性氯代烃污染地块调查中的应用

针对我国挥发性有机污染地块调查评估中存在的采样缺失、成本高及周期长等问题,选择华北地区某挥发性氯代烃污染地块为研究对象,采用现行调查方法与基于膜界面探针(MIP)系统快速调查技术联合使用的方式,现场完成场地钻探调查点位4个(土壤样品36个),MIP系统调查点位11个(验证点位4个),以研究MIP验证点位检测电信号值与其对应场地钻探点位的地层信息、实验室检测数据之间的相关性,以及使用MIP电信号值模拟地块地层和污染空间的分布特征。结果表明,MIP系统检测的土壤电导率电信号值(EC)能够更为详尽地表征地块的地层结构信息;在地块范围内的同一种土质中,MIP系统的专用卤素检测器电信号值(XSD)与实验室检测数据拟合度相对较高(R²>0.99);MIP系统快速调查技术与现行调查方法联合使用能够快速且高效表征调查地块内VCHs的污染空间分布特征。本研究结果可为MIP系统快速调查技术在挥发性有机污染地块调查评估中的应用提供参考。     

Seasonal variation of organochlorine contaminants in bonito (Sarda sarda L. 1758) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L. 1758) in Black Sea region, Turkey

The concentrations of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides were determined in bonito (Sardasarda L. 1758) and anchovy (Engraulisencrasicolus L. 1758) from the Black Sea, Turkey. Concentrations of total indicator PCBs ranged between <1-17.0 in bonito, and <1-17.5 ng/g fresh weight in anchovy, and total of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-chlorophenyl-ethane and its metabolites’ (DDTs) concentrations ranged between 13.4-26.3, and 2.96-19.0 ng/g fresh weight in bonito and anchovy respectively. PCB 52, p,p′-DDE and endosulfan (α + β) were found dominant in both of the fish species. Except endosulfan, and some DDT metabolites, none of the studied organochlorine pesticides was detected in the fish samples. Concentrations of PCBs in anchovy were found higher than those in bonito, whereas DDT and endosulfan concentrations were found similar in both of the fish species. All of the fish samples had residue concentrations below the maximum residue limits (MRL) recommended by FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission.     

Diagnosis of dissolved organic matter removal by GAC treatment in biologically treated papermill effluents using advanced organic characterisation techniques

Granular activated carbon (GAC) exhaustion rates on pulp and paper effluent from South East Australia were found to be a factor of three higher (3.62 cf. 1.47 kg m⁻³) on Kraft mills compared to mills using Thermomechanical pulping supplemented by Recycled Fibre (TMP/RCF). Biological waste treatment at both mills resulted in a final effluent COD of 240 mg L⁻¹. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was only 1.2 times higher in the Kraft effluent (70 vs. 58 mg L⁻¹), however, GAC treatment of Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent was largely different on the DOC persisted after biological treatment. The molecular mass (636 vs. 534 g mol⁻¹) and aromaticity (5.35 vs. 4.67 L mg⁻¹ m⁻¹) of humic substances (HS) were slightly higher in the Kraft effluent. The HS aromaticity was decreased by a factor of 1.0 L mg⁻¹ m⁻¹ in both Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent. The molecular mass of the Kraft effluent increased by 50 g mol⁻¹ while the molecular mass of the TMP/RCF effluent was essentially unchanged after GAC treatment; the DOC removal efficiency of the GAC on Kraft effluent was biased towards the low molecular weight humic compounds. The rapid adsorption of this fraction, coupled with the slightly higher aromaticity of the humic components resulted in early breakthrough on the Kraft effluent. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix analysis of the each GAC treated effluent indicated that the refractory components were higher molecular weight humics on the Kraft effluent and protein-like compounds on the TMP/RCF effluent. Although the GAC exhaustion rates are too high for an effective DOC removal option for biologically treated pulp and paper mill effluents, the study indicates that advanced organic characterisation techniques can be used to diagnose GAC performance on complex effluents with comparable bulk DOC and COD loads.     

固相膜萃取-高效液相色谱法测定地下水中的多环芳烃

采用C18固相膜萃取对地下水中15种多环芳烃进行富集净化,以二氯甲烷作洗脱溶剂,高效液相色谱法,荧光检测器测定。对萃取、浓缩和色谱条件进行优化,在1．ooixg／L～40．0μg／L范围内测定标准系列溶液并绘制标准曲线,相关系数R2〉0．999;15种多环芳烃的仪器检出限为0．4ng／L～3．0ng／L;对地下水样品加标,平均回收率在75．7％～96．7％之间;标准溶液平行测定7次的RSD为3．1％～11．9％。