烟叶仓库消防报警火灾探测器的改进

论述了烟草企业烟叶仓库磷化铝杀虫的原理、特点及对火灾探测器的影响，根据现行的消防技术和各种火灾探测器的特点，提出了适用于烟叶仓库的火灾探测器选型方案，并提出了对火灾探测器进行防磷化铝腐蚀的改进方法。经过在杭州卷烟厂的试用表明，这种改进型的火灾探测器具有很强的防磷化铝腐蚀的特性。     

UTILIZATION OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY THE PRIMARY AQUIFER PROVIDING GROUND WATER TO INDWIDUAL WELLS IN EASTERN ARKANSAS1

ABSTRACT: A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to develop an automated procedure for identifying the primary aquifers supplying ground water to individual wells in eastern Arkansas. As mandated by state law, water-use data are reported by ground-water withdrawers annually to the Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation Commission, and stored in the Arkansas Site-Specific Water-Use Data System provided and supported by the U.S. Geological Survey. Although most withdrawers are able to provide the amount of water withdrawn and the depth of their wells, very few are able to provide the name of the aquifer from which they withdraw water. GIS software was used to develop an automated procedure for identifying the primary aquifers supplying ground water to individual wells in eastern Arkansas. The software was used to generate a spatial representation of the bottom boundary for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer (the shallowest aquifer) in eastern Arkansas from well log-data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey. The software was then used to determine the depth of the aquifer bottom at reported well locations to ascertain whether the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer or a deeper aquifer was the primary aquifer providing water to each well. The alluvial aquifer was identified as the primary aquifer for about 23,500 wells.     

A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPROACH TO WELLHEAD PROTECTION1

ABSTRACT: The 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act mandate a multifaceted approach to wellhead protection. This approach includes: (1) delineating wellhead protection areas; (2) identifying and managing potential contaminants; (3) developing contingency plans in the event of weilfield contamination; (4) siting new wells; and (5) encouraging public participation. These elements encompass technical, administrative, and educational considerations. In functioning both as a research tool and as a decision support system, a geographic information system (GIS) is shown to have proven utility in addressing these issues. This article describes the application of common GIS functionality in facilitating a comprehensive wellhead protection scheme for an agricultural municipality in North Dakota.     

A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM TO PREDICT NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION POTENTIAL1

ABSTRACT: Bacterial densities (total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococci) and suspended solids in runoff from a feedlot, pasture, and corn field were measured. Densities of fecal coliform were highest from the feedlot but were 1000 to 10,000 times greater than the water quality standard for swimmable waters from all three land uses. Densities of fecal streptococci were highest from the corn field, which suggests that wildlife are the source of bacteria. Fecal coliform/fecal streptococci ratios distinguished cattle from wildlife as the source of bacterial pollution both among land uses and among seasons of the year. Suspended solids concentrations in runoff ranged from 423 to 925 mg/l and were highest from the corn field. A Geographic Information System (GIS), which utilizes a raster or grid-cell format, was developed to include algorithms associated with non-point source pollution. The system accepts digitally mapped information on soil type, topography, and land use. It calculates characteristics such as slope and slope length, and relates these characteristics to soils and land use parameters in order to produce three dimensional maps of runoff potential, sediment pollution potential, and bacterial pollution potential. It offers the advantages of retaining the geographic character of pollution potential information and of conveying in three-dimensional graphical terms the effects of topography, soil type, land use, and land management practices.     

重大危险源企业级应急救援信息系统的研究

以某大型危险化学品储运企业为背景,对重大危险源应急救援信息系统进行研究,首先对重大危险源应急救援过程中各种信息需求进行分析,将信息分为基础信息、预防信息和救援信息3个方面;然后在单机和网络两种版本硬件结构比较的基础上,以工艺参数传感器、泄漏传感器、火灾报警器、应急设备控制器等主要设备为基础构建了单机版的硬件结构;最后,采用C/S软件结构,运用组件式GIS技术,从系统的总体结构、数据库结构以及功能设计等几个方面对应急救援信息系统进行了研究。     

Modeling Stream Channel Characteristics From Drainage‐Enforced DEMs in Puget Sound,Washington, USA1

Abstract: Mapping stream channels and their geomorphic attributes is an important step in many watershed research and management projects. Often insufficient field data exist to map hydromorphologic attributes across entire drainage basins, necessitating the application of hydrologic modeling tools to digital elevation models (DEMs) via a geographic information system (GIS). In this article, we demonstrate methods for deriving synthetic stream networks via GIS across large and diverse basins using drainage‐enforced DEMs, along with techniques for estimating channel widths and gradient on the reach scale. The two‐step drainage enforcement method we used produced synthetic stream networks that displayed a high degree of positional accuracy relative to the input streams. The accuracies of our estimated channel parameters were assessed with field data, and predictions of bankfull width, wetted width and gradient were strongly correlated with measured values (r² = 0.92, r² = 0.95, r² = 0.88, respectively). Classification accuracies of binned channel attributes were also high. Our methodology allows for the relatively rapid mapping of stream channels and associated morphological attributes across large geographic areas. Although initially developed to provide salmon recovery planners with important salmon habitat information, we suggest these methodologies are relevant to a variety of research and management questions.     

Population Analysis of Sables in the Ural–Ob Region of the Species Range

An attempt at population analysis of sables in the Ural–Ob region of the species range was made with the use of vast biological material (craniometry, 1909 specimens; ecological structure, 2157 specimens; and coat color, 439169 pelts). Population groups in the region were mainly described on the basis of morphological, geographic, historical, and ecological criteria. Seven spatially separated population groups were found, which were named after the main rivers of their habitats: the Tavda–Konda–Sos'va, Dem'yanka, Salym–Yugan, Agan–Vakh, Kazym–Nazym, Nadym–Kunovat, and Pur–Taz groups. They distinctly differed from one another with respect to cranial measurements, coat color, and some structural demographic parameters. In some cases, morphological differences reached the subspecies level. The data obtained make it possible to revise the pattern of geographic variation within the species range.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀经济损失价值估算及其特征分析——以黑龙江克拜东部黑土区为例

论文在GIS技术支持下,依据环境经济学原理,利用2005年的坡面侵蚀和沟蚀数据,对黑龙江克拜东部黑土区由土壤侵蚀造成的直接经济损失进行了定量估算;在此基础上,将黑土区土壤侵蚀经济损失与西北黄土高原地区、北方土石山区、西南岩溶区进行了对比分析。结果表明：研究区2005年由土壤侵蚀所造成的直接经济损失总价值约为9414.20×10⁴元,占当地种植业总收入的17.19%,部分乡镇损失价值占种植业收入的1/4以上。将黑土区土壤侵蚀经济损失与我国其他水蚀区对比发现：东北黑土区虽以轻度侵蚀为主,土壤侵蚀量固然不能与黄土高原相提并论,但由于黑土腐殖质含量高、养分丰富,轻度侵蚀即可造成严重的养分流失,其单位面积土壤侵蚀直接经济损失价值是黄土高原的3～4倍。     

地理信息系统在环境应急处置中的应用

目前中国已进入环境污染事故的高发期,有效防控环境污染突发事故的形式十分严峻。本文阐述了环境应急处置系统的一般特点,处置工作内容与功能需求以及信息需求,并进一步探讨了地理信息系统技术应用于环境事故应急处置时所能发挥的重要功能、优势极其功能。     

静态顶空-气相色谱法测定水中二硫化碳

采用气相色谱法静态顶空进样,HP-1柱分离,FPD检测器检测,测定水中CS2,并对测定条件进行了探讨。实验表明,当取样量为10.0 mL,气液比为12.3,在40℃平衡25 min时,能获得满意的灵敏度,且稳定性很好。二硫化碳在0.63μg/L～502μg/L之间呈线性,相关系数为0.999 2,相对标准偏差为1.3%～5.7%、加标回收率为88%～105%,检出限可达0.3μg/L。干扰试验表明硫化氢、甲硫醇、甲硫醚不干扰二硫化碳的测定。本方法操作简便,测定快速,完全能够满足快速分析水中二硫化碳的要求。