城市灭火救援决策支持系统研究述评

随着经济的发展和城市化进程的加速,城市火灾危险因素越来越多,火灾仍然是各种灾害中发生最频繁且具有很强破坏性的一种。充分利用现代化的技术手段,包括计算机技术、现代通信技术、管理信息系统技术、地理信息系统技术,建立基于GIS的消防决策支持系统,有效调度和科学利用消防减灾资源,这对于减少火灾造成的损失是十分必要的。本文对灭火救援决策支持系统的国内外研究和应用现状进行了综述和分析,分析了现有灭火救援决策系统存在的问题,并指出了消防灭火救援决策支持系统的发展趋势。     

煤矿安全地理信息系统的研究进展及发展趋势

地理信息系统（GIS）作为目前发展最迅速的高新技术之一,在各个应用领域正在得到广泛的应用。煤矿安全GIS是描述、存储、分析、决策和输出矿井空间地理信息系统的一门技术。以煤矿安全管理为研究对象,总结了煤矿安全GIS的研究现状,并对其进行分类,分析认为,现阶段煤矿安全GIS主要有四个类型。并对这四个类型煤矿安全GIS的不足之处进行了详细的阐述。在此基础上提出并分析了了当前煤矿安全GIS中螈待解决的三个问题。研究表明：三维煤矿安全GIS和嵌入专家决策支持系统的新型煤矿安全GIS是今后一段时间内煤矿安全GIS的两个主要研究方向。结论对煤矿安全管理和煤矿安全GIS的进一步研究提供一定的参考。     

HPSEC-UV-TOC联用技术测定有机物相对分子质量分布

采用在线高效凝胶色谱仪(HPSEC)和紫外检测器以及TOC检测仪联用测定有机物相对分子质量分布.通过同步测定样品中大范围相对分子质量区间的UV254和TOC,更深入和准确地了解有机物的结构特性,特别是一些不含共轭双键和芳香度的有机物.结果显示,TOC检测仪能够简单快捷地检测出水中所有有机物的相对分子质量分布,包括蔗糖、海藻酸钠等对紫外响应较低的亲水性有机物;样品进样量与TOC响应线性正相关,进样量越大,响应越强;离子强度从0升至0.2mol.L-1,峰面积仅减小1.2%,离子强度对有机物相对分子质量分布测定影响较小;样品pH值在中性或酸性时不影响测定结果,pH值为碱性时,TOC响应异常;采用流动相配定的样品较超纯水配定的样品,相对分子质量分布曲线中干扰峰明显减小,出峰效果更好;该联用技术可以很好地表征湘江原水及其4种亲疏水性组分的相对分子质量分布.     

复合抛物面聚光器在光电感烟探测器应用研究

基于复合抛物面聚光器的设计原理,提出可应用于点型光电感烟探测器的聚光器设计方法以及装配方式。与现有聚光器相比,研究设计的聚光器能够限制收集散射光线的散射角范围。根据点型光电感烟探测器光学暗室的结构特点,确定聚光器初始模型基本参数,并提出侧面光线入口设计方式以及安装方式,增大聚光器的聚光性能。利用光学仿真软件TracePro对剖切后的聚光器进行光学模拟,研究不同剖切角的聚光器对光线的收集情况,模拟结果表明,选择恰当的剖切方式,可以增大聚光器对入射光线的角度接收范围或空间接收范围,有利于增强探测器的探测性能。     

地理空间信息技术在我区资源环境管理中的应用

针对地理空间信息资源的特点和内蒙古实际情况，研究提出促进我区地理空间信息资源开发利用的思路和政策措施。     

Role of genetic factors in landscape-geographic variation of the water vole (Arvicola terrestris L.)

The geographic variation of the water vole Arvicola terrestris L. has been analyzed with respect to two linear combinations of craniometric characters with the highest additive heritability (h ² = 0.59 and h ² = 0.52). The greatest differences have been revealed between the territorially close montane and piedmont populations. The lowland and montane populations have proved to differ to the smallest extent, despite their spatial and altitudinal separation. Selection under extreme conditions that leads to similar phenotypic results may be based on the common genetic background of these populations, irrespective of considerable distances between them and different environmental conditions in their habitats.     

水中总有机碳测定方法研究进展

本文对总有机碳（TOC）测定的原理、常用的氧化方法、检测技术、TOC与COD的相关性等作了较全面的评述，并指出了TOC目前在应用中存在的一些问题及其研究进展。     

WATER QUALITY MODEL OUTPUT UNCERTAINTY AS AFFECTED BY SPATIAL RESOLUTION OF INPUT DATA1

ABSTRACT: Resolution of the input GIS data used to parameterize distributed‐parameter hydrologic/water quality models may affect uncertainty in model outputs and impact the subsequent application of model results in watershed management. In this study we evaluated the impact of varying spatial resolutions of DEM, land use, and soil data (30 × 30 m, 100 × 100 m, 150 × 150 m, 200 × 200 m, 300 × 300 m, 500 × 500 m, and 1,000 × 1,000 m) on the uncertainty of SWAT predicted flow, sediment, NO₃‐N, and TP transport. Inputs included measured hydrologic, meteorological, and watershed characteristics as well as water quality data from the Moores Creek watershed in Washington County, Arkansas. The SWAT model output was most affected by input DEM data resolution. A coarser DEM data resolution resulted in decreased representation of watershed area and slope and increased slope length. Distribution of pasture, forest, and urban areas within the watershed was significantly affected at coarser resolution of land use and resulted in significant uncertainty in predicted sediment, NO₃‐N, and TP output. Soils data resolution had no significant effect on flow and NO₃‐N predictions; however, sediment was overpredicted by 26 percent, and TP was underpredicted by 26 percent at 1,000 m resolution. This may be due to change in relative distribution of various hydrologic soils groups (HSGs) in the watershed. Minimum resolution for input GIS data to achieve less than 10 percent model output error depended upon the output variable of interest. For flow, sediment, NO₃‐N, and TP predictions, minimum DEM data resolution should range from 30 to 300 m, whereas minimum land use and soils data resolution should range from 300 to 500 m.     

HISTORICAL CHANGES IN UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER WATER AREAS AND ISLANDS1

ABSTRACT: Periodic surveys of the upper Mississippi River since 1866 and a discharge record of nearly equal length provided an opportunity to learn more about the magnitudes and rates of geomorphic processes at work in large stream systems. Furthermore, geomorphic and hydrologic adjustments could be evaluated in relation to watershed land use changes, small‐scale climate fluctuations, and considerable modifications to the channel and floodplain during the period of record. The present study uses GIS mapping to quantitatively compare historical changes in mapped land and water phenomena in the upper Mississippi River Pool 10, located along southwest Wisconsin's border. Modest channel widening and decreases in island area throughout the study reach during the last century are detectable. Flood magnitudes and frequencies also have varied during this time, and stages and low flow discharges have increased since the 1940s. The latter hydrologic change appears to be closely associated with the reach's geomorphic adjustments. Results are representative of a valley reach where a major tributary contributes a large sand bedload, forming an alluvial fan of considerable size in the floodplain.