基于地理探测器的广州市大气PM2.5浓度驱动因素分析

PM_2.5变化的驱动因素是大气PM_2.5研究的重要内容.为了揭示PM_2.5污染的特点及其驱动影响因子,以广州市为例,采用地理探测器方法探测自然因素（包括平均降水量、平均温度、平均气压、平均相对湿度、平均风速、植被指数）与社会经济因素（包括人口密度、国内生产总值、工业总产值、人均公园绿地面积、公交车辆数、电力消费量）对2015年广州市ρ（PM_2.5）变化的影响机制与差异.结果表明:①基于因子探测分析发现,对ρ（PM_2.5）变化影响最大的前三位驱动因素分别为植被指数、公交车辆数与电力消费量,对应的因子影响程度指标值分别为0.51、0.46、0.40.②基于生态探测分析发现,植被指数与其他自然因素（如平均温度、平均降水量、平均气压等）对ρ（PM_2.5）空间分布的影响均存在显著差异,与所有社会经济因素对ρ（PM_2.5）空间分布的影响均不存在显著差异;除植被指数外,公交车辆数与其他自然因素及社会经济因素对ρ（PM_2.5）空间分布的影响均存在显著差异.③基于交互探测分析发现,所有影响因素（包括自然因素与社会经济因素）对ρ（PM_2.5）变化的交互作用均大于单一影响因素的独自作用,其中平均降水量与平均气压交互作用后对ρ（PM_2.5）变化的影响最大.研究显示,自然因素（尤其是植被指数、平均降水量）及自然因素与人为活动（如交通出行、电力消费等）交互效应对广州市ρ（PM_2.5）的变化起决定性作用.      

城市地震次生火灾的潜在危险性--基于城市地理信息系统网格的评价

从地震次生火灾发生与蔓延的两个阶段入手，将城市地震次生火灾潜在危险性评价问题划分为地震火灾起火危险性评价和蔓延危险性评价两个部分。针对这两部分评价，仔细分析、提取了与火灾发生和蔓延相关的重要因子，完整构建了地震次生火灾潜在危险性评价的指标体系，并利用层次分析法计算出各级指标之间的危险性权重。此外，为了获取城市不同区域上地震次生火灾危险性的变化规律，利用规则网格单元作为基本的评价单元，结合城市地理信息系统获取网格中各种空间信息计算各项指标值，克服了以往利用街区作为评价单元而导致评价结果过于粗糙的缺点。通过评价，我们可以准确地获得城市区域上地震火灾的高危险区和时域上的高危险时段。评价结果可供城市防治地震次生火灾规划决策参考。     

激光粒度仪事故树分析

以LS-POP(Ⅲ)型激光粒度仪为例,结合作者的实践操作经验,用事故树分析法对激光粒度仪中的核心部件--循环进样器常见故障进行分析,同时对其提出解决的措施,使同行者能正确的使用和更好的维护该类仪器     

地理信息系统的发展趋势

随着地理信息系统(GIS)技术在各个应用领域的推广使用,GIS技术与地理空间信息的表示、处理、分析和应用手段的不断发展紧密相连,形成了各种不同功能的GIS系统软件.介绍了GIS的定义,分析了当前GIS的应用方向和发展状况,并着重阐述了GIS今后的发展趋势及其应用领域.     

感烟火灾探测器的灵敏度评测

为了在设计火灾探测系统时，提供探测器的选型依据，该文通过火灾探测综合模拟试验平台(FE／DE)，利用四种国家标准火所用燃料生成典型火灾烟气，对光电型与离子型两种常规点式感烟火灾探测器的灵敏度性能进行了评测与比较。结果表明，对于木材热解生成烟气，与离子感烟探测器相比，光电型探测器的输出烟值增加更为急剧。然而对于棉绳阴燃火、聚氨脂塑料火及正庚烷火生成的烟气，离子型比光电型响应更为灵敏，特别是对于后两者明火生成的能够吸收光而减弱光散射的黑烟。最后指出，依据监控场所中可能存在的可燃物种类而选择相应类型的火灾探测器，将提高所设计火灾报警系统的可靠性。     

A FAST RECURSIVE GIS ALGORITHM FOR COMPUTING STRAHLER STREAM ORDER IN BRAIDED AND NONBRAIDED NETWORKS1

ABSTRACT: Stream ordering is a useful property of every river network, having a wide range of applications. A method for determining stream orders that quickly and easily addresses various network topologies and magnitudes is therefore needed. This paper introduces a general recursive stream ordering framework for vector hydrography. It also presents a linear, O(n), stream ordering procedure for braided river networks, which is a major improvement to the existing quadratic, O(n²), procedure. The discussion includes results and interpretations, and the appendices present procedure pseudocodes and thorough line by line explanations.     

基于GIS的非点源污染的研究及应用

非点源污染已经成为全球重要的环境问题，数学模型是非点源污染研究的核心内容之一。本阐述了GIS与非点源污染模型结合的意义及其必然性，分析了两结合的基本组成及集成方式，并对两不同集成方式进行了描述。分析了目前国内外的研究状况，最后结合项目给出了GIS和非点源污染模型相结合的应用示例。     

OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE FOR COST EFFECTIVE BMP PLACEMENT AT A WATERSHED SCALE1

ABSTRACT: A combinatorial optimization procedure for best management practice (BMP) placement at the watershed level facilitates selection of cost effective BMP scenarios to control non point source (NFS) pollution. A genetic algorithm (GA) was selected from among several optimization heuristics. The GA combines an optimization component written in the C++ language with spatially variable NFS pollution prediction and economic analysis components written within the Arc View geographic information system. The procedure is modular in design, allowing for component modifications while maintaining the basic conceptual framework. An objective function was developed to lexicographically optimize pollution reduction followed by cost increase. Scenario cost effectiveness is then calculated for scenario comparisons. The NPS pollutant fitness score allows for evaluation of multiple pollutants, based on prioritization of each pollutant. The economic component considers farm level public and private costs, cost distribution, and land area requirements. Development of a sediment transport function, used with the Universal Soil Loss Equation, allows the optimization procedure to run within a reasonable timeframe. The procedure identifies multiple near optimal solutions, providing an indication of which fields have a more critical impact on overall cost effectiveness and flexibility in the final solution selected for implementation. The procedure was demonstrated for a 1,014‐ha watershed in the Ridge and Valley physiographic region of Virginia.     

IMPACTS OF CALIFORNIA'S CLIMATIC REGIMES AND COASTAL LAND USE CHANGE ON STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS1

ABSTRACT: To investigate the impacts of urbanization and climatic fluctuations on stream flow magnitude and variability in a Mediterranean climate, the HEC‐HMS rainfall/runoff model is used to simulate stream flow for a 14‐year period (October 1, 1988, to September 30, 2002) in the Atascadero Creek watershed located along the southern coast of California for 1929, 1998, and 2050 (estimated) land use conditions (8, 38 and 52 percent urban, respectively). The 14‐year period experienced a range of climatic conditions caused mainly by El Nino‐Southern Oscillation variations. A geographic information system is used to delineate the watershed and parameterize the model, which is calibrated using data from two stream flow and eight rainfall gauges. Urbanization is shown to increase peak discharges and runoff volume while decreasing stream flow variability. In all cases, the annual and 14‐year distributions of stream flow are shown to be highly skewed, with the annual maximum 24 hours of discharge accounting for 22 to 52 percent of the annual runoff and the maximum ten days of discharge from an average El Nino year producing 10 to 15 percent of the total 14‐year discharge. For the entire period of urbanization (1929 to 2050), the average increase in annual maximum discharges and runoff was 45 m³/s (300 percent) and 15 cm (350 percent), respectively. Additionally, the projected increase in urbanization from 1998 to 2050 is half the increase from 1929 to 1998; however, increases in runoff (22 m³/s and 7 cm) are similar for both scenarios because of the region's spatial development pattern.     

基于GIS技术的水利防灾信息系统研究

介绍了浙江省水利防灾信息系统的功能模块组成，论述了系统主要技术路线、开发工具和运行平台的特点，对系统数据库结构及逻辑关系进行了分析，详细讨论了空间图形数据库和属性数据库的设计方法，通过在浙江省政府、浙江省防汛抗旱指挥部等部门两年多的应用表明，系统设计先进，功能强大，运行稳定，具有很强的实用性。