土地利用的生态规划方法

土地利用的生态规划方法是由美国宾夕法尼亚大学教授麦克哈格(McHarg)在60年代末最先发展的方法.这种方法的最显著特点是能综合考虑社会、经济和生态因素来制定土地利用规划.这种方法的两个核心技术是土地的生态适宜度分析和土地的承载能力分析.本文试图以方法发展的历史为顺序,介绍了几种常见的土地利用的生态规划方法     

紫外检测—离子色谱法测定油田水中碘离子

本文研究了用阴离子交换分离,KCI溶液作为淋洗液,紫外/可见检测器在215nm波长处测定水中碘离子浓度的最佳离子色谱条件.该方法具有无干扰、灵敏度高、方法简便等特点,而且,在碘离子浓度为0.05—8.0μg·ml~(-1)范围内,其浓度与峰高的响应值之间存在良好的线性相关关系(相关系数大于0.999).碘离子的检出限为0.012μg·ml~(-1)(按信噪比等于3计算).其保留时间和峰高的相对标准偏差分别为2.6%和1.0%(n=7).方法用于基体复杂的油田水样中碘离子的测定,得到满意的结果,标准加入回收为98.4%.     

环境地理信息系统（EGIS）简析

环境地理信息系统作为地理信息系统的一个专题研究领域有其独特性，EGIS的研究内容与方法主要包括环境应用分析和污染指标空间特征分析、辅助环境影响评价及功能区划、辅助污染分布数值模拟参数确定、结果显示、实时监测的计算机处理系统、突发事件的模拟分析应用等，以及EGIS应用系统建立的方法，EGIS应用系统建立方法一般包括系统目标的选定、污染源的调查统计、系统功能分析、系统设计与实现。     

河北省海洋环境保护地理信息系统

将地理信息系统等现代信息技术应用到海洋环境保护,是加强海洋综合管理,保护好海洋环境,预防海洋环境灾害,维护国家海洋权益有效方法。本文结合自行开发的河北省海洋环境保护信息系统,简要该系统的结构和功能及其在海洋环境保护中的应用。     

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AS A TOOL IN WATER USE DATA MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: The temporal and locational attributes of water use data are ideally suited for analysis using a geographic information system (GIS) approach. A GIS combines spatial database management, statistical analysis, and cartographic modelling capabilities within a computer hardware and software configuration. Texas water use data for selected categories in 1980 and 1986 were analyzed using ARC/INFO to demonstrate the utility of GIS for water resource information management. Examples of data analysis and display are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of cartographic representations to communicate water use data.     

MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS OF WATER-USE DATA USING A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM1

ASSTRACT: As part of its mission, the U.S. Geological Survey conducts water-resources research. Site-specific and aggregate water-use data are used in the Survey's National Water-Use Information Program and in various hydrologic investigations. Both types of activities have specific requirements in terms of water-use data access, analysis, and display. In Kansas, the Survey obtains water-use information from several sources. Trpically, this information is in a format that is not readily usable by the Survey. Geographic information system (GIS) technology is being used to restructure the available water-use data into a format that allows users to readily access and summarize site-specific water-use data by source (i.e., surface or ground water), type of use, and user-defined area.     

INTEGRATION OF A BASIN-SCALE WATER QUALITY MODEL WITH GIS1

ABSTRACT: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been successfully integrated with distributed parameter, single-event, water quality models such as AGNPS (AGricultural NonPoint Source) and ANSWERS (Areal Nonpoint Source Watershed Environmental Response Simulation). These linkages proved to be an effective way to collect, manipulate, visualize, and analyze the input and output date of water quality models. However, for continuous-time, basin large-scale water quality models, collecting and manipulating the input data are more time-consuming and cumbersome due to the method of disaggregation (subdivisions are based on topographic boundaries). SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), a basin-scale water quality model, was integrated with a GIS to extract input data for modeling a basin. This paper discusses the detailed development of the integration of the SWAT water quality model with GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System) GIS, along with an application and advantages. The integrated system was applied to simulated a 114 sq. km upper portion of the Seco Creek Basin by subdividing it into 37 subbasins. The average monthly predicted streamflw is in agreement with measured monthly streamflw values.     

USING A GIS FOR ESTIMATING INPUT PARAMETERS IN URBAN STORMWATER QUALITY MODELING1

ABSTRACT: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are being used increasingly as a method of preparing, analyzing, and displaying data for watershed analysis and modeling. Although GIS technology is a powerful tool for integrating and analyzing watershed characteristics, the initial preparation of the necessary database is often a time consuming and costly endeavor. This demonstration project assesses the viability of creating a cost-effective spatial database for urban stormwater modeling from existing digital and hard-copy data sources. The GIS was used to provide input parameters to the Source Loading and Management Model (SLANM), an empirical urban stormwater quality model. Land use characteristics, drainage boundaries, and soils information were geocoded and referenced to a base data layer consisting of transportation features. GIS overlay and data manipulation capabilities were utilized to preprocess the input data for the model. Model output was analyzed through postprocessing by GIS, and results were compared to a similar recent modeling study of the same watershed. The project, undertaken for a small urban watershed located in Plymouth, Minnesota, successfully demonstrates that the use of GIS in stormwater management can allow even small communities to reap the benefits of stormwater quality modeling.     

Altitudinal and horizontal shifts of the upper boundaries of open and closed forests in the Polar Urals in the 20th century

In the Polar Urals (the Rai-Iz massif and Mounts Tchernaya and Malaya Tchernaya), altitudinal and horizontal shifts of the upper boundary of open and closed larch forests in the 20th century have been studied. Spatiotemporal parameters of these shifts have been assessed with the aid of the ARC/INFO geographic information system (ESRI Inc., United States), using our original large-scale geobotanical maps showing the distribution of different types of forest-tundra communities in the early 1910s and 2000s. The results show that tree vegetation has been actively expanding to higher elevations over the past 90 years. On average, the upper boundaries of open and closed forests have ascended 26 and 35 m and shifted horizontally 290 and 520 m, respectively. These shifts have been conditioned by climate warming and increasing humidity observed since the 1920s.     

空气污染扩散模型与GIS应用结合的探讨

污染物的扩散模拟对环境决策、管理有着重要意义,而扩散过程又是一个包括时间、空间的复杂四维时空过程,其模拟需要GIS的支持。在分析基于GIS的地理开发系统和空气污染扩散模型的基础上,探讨了两者结合的最佳方式,并应用于广州市空气质量分析中,取得了较好的效果。