浑太河流域氮磷空间异质性及其对土地利用结构的响应

利用2009年8月和2010年6月浑太河流域河流水体采样数据,结合GIS技术和地统计学方法,分析了汛期TN(总氮)、NH₄+-N(氨氮)、NO₃--N(硝酸盐氮)、TP(总磷)和PO₄3-(磷酸盐)在地表水体中的空间变异特征,并探讨了流域尺度上土地利用对氮磷营养物质的影响. 结果表明:NH₄+-N、PO₄3-和TN均受到结构性因素的影响,表现出一定空间相关性变异特征;NO₃--N和TP主要受到随机性因素的影响,表现出极弱的空间相关性变异特征. 汛期流域林地、农田和居民用地比例与氮素呈显著相关,农田和草地用地比例与氮磷均呈显著相关.可以初步推测,林地、农田和居民用地是控制氮素空间分异特征的结构性因素,农田和草地是控制磷素空间分异特征的结构性因素.      

新安煤田煤与瓦斯突出特征及防治措施

为解决新安煤田煤与瓦斯突出影响因素众多和防治难度较大等问题,运用瓦斯地质理论分析了新安煤田煤与瓦斯突出特征及控制因素,并提出了有针对性的煤与瓦斯突出防治措施。研究表明:地质构造是控制新安煤田煤与瓦斯突出分布的主要地质因素;构造应力是控制新安煤田煤与瓦斯突出的主要动力因素;新安煤田煤与瓦斯突出吨煤瓦斯涌出量较大,是增加煤与瓦斯突出发生可能性及危险性的重要因素。基于此,从突出危险性预测、防治突出措施及安全防护措施等三个方面提出了多项煤与瓦斯突出防治措施。     

敦煌地区生态问题的地质学探析

敦煌地区严重的生态环境退化问题,其根源在于对其产生的原因及其演变过程没有科学、统一的认识.尽管近年来政府及有关部门投入了大量的人力物力,采取了一些措施,做了一些研究,但效果并不明显,甚至有人提出将之与古楼兰衰退相提并论.该文认为,敦煌地区生态退化及其演变,无论是地下水位的下降、绿洲与湿地的萎缩等,都是地质科学领域的问题,需要运用地质学思维分析探讨.研究改善敦煌的生态环境退化和治理措施,必须从环境地质、生态地质学的理论和方法去解决.图1,参13.     

受地质条件制约的中国西南岩溶生态系统

岩溶生态系统是受岩溶环境制约的生态系统。中国西南岩溶石山区岩溶发育的地质历史背景,决定其碳酸盐岩主要分布于NE向的构造隆起带上。碳酸盐岩出露面积占土地面积比例≥30%的岩溶县有292个。岩溶生态环境的特殊性和脆弱性主要表现在:(1)西南岩溶生态系统中水、土资源的短缺且不协调。水资源以地下水资源为主,且难开发;土壤资源零星分散,土层薄,易流失;(2)现存广西区植被覆盖特征显示,岩溶石山区森林覆盖率明显低于非岩溶区,同时也暗示着岩溶石山区植被的恢复、演化慢于非岩溶区植被;(3)贵州石漠化分布特征表明岩性对岩溶生态环境的制约;(4)脆弱的岩溶生态环境制约着生态系统的人口承载力。贵州省是西南碳酸盐岩集中分布区的中心,其人均国民生产总值则远比邻省的低。广西、湖南、湖北、重庆碳酸盐岩的分布具有明显的地块性,其岩溶县的人口密度仅分别为非岩溶县的85.05%、83.03%、46.78%、54.43%,岩溶县的人均国民生产总值、农民人均纯收入也不及非岩溶县。根据岩溶生态系统结构特征,在西南岩溶生态重建过程中应关注地表植被覆盖率对表层岩溶带水循环的影响、关注土地利用对地下水的影响、关注岩溶地球化学对特色经济植物可持续发展的影响。     

SPECIAL CASES OF WATER SUPPLY INTERFERENCE CAUSED BY URBAN DEVELOPMENT NEAR TORONTO,ONTARIO, CANADA1

Since 1961, control over water-supply interference problems in the Province of Ontario has been provided under The Ontario Water Resources Commission Act. A section of The Act requires persons taking more than 10,000 imperial gallons per day of water for purposes other than domestic, stock or fire-fighting to have a permit and to take the water in accordance with specified terms and conditions. Construction of some new wells, sewers, and roads to meet the needs of urban development has caused interference with both ground- and surface-water supplies. In cases of serious interference, the Commission has required that steps be taken to restore water supplies or prevent continued interference. Two cases are described where municipalities in the Toronto area restored supplies to overcome serious interference with several private wells and streamflow during testing and operation of a 500-imperial gpm municipal well adjacent to a normally effluent stream, and varying degrees of interference with private wells caused by dewatering at rates up to 2000-imperial gpm for the installation of a trunk sewer.     

The Sensitivity of Headwater Streams in the Hindu Kush Himalayas to Acidification

Water, Air, &; Soil Pollution: Focus - The mountain ecosystems of the Hindu Kush Himalayas are generally considered to be pristine despite little available data to confirm it. Is there any...     

Rainfall and Spring Discharge Patterns in Two Small Drainage Catchments in the Western Himalayan Mountains, India

Relationship between rainfall and spring discharge study is important to understand hydrological behaviour of springs and water resources management. In the Himalayan mountains springs are the freshwater sources for household consumption. We studied six springs of different recharge area characteristics in two micro-watersheds in western Himalayan mountains in India. Based on the recharge area geology these springs were divided into fracture/joint (FR/JT) and fracture/joint/colluvium (FR/JT/COLL). We found a strong positive relationship between rainfall and spring discharge. Peak spring discharge coincided with peak rainfall in two FR/JT/COLL springs, which was delayed by about one month in FR/JT springs. Mean annual discharge was about two times greater for FR/JT/COLL springs than the FR/JT springs (6.47 vs. 3.94 liter per minute). But spring discharge per 1000 L of rainfall in spring recharge area for FR/JT springs was about 2.3 times greater than the FR/JT/COLL springs (49 vs. 21 liter per minute). In the FR/JT springs, rainfall in spring recharge area and spring discharge were weakly related (r=0.174), while they were strongly related in FR/JT/COLL springs (r=0.595). In the former category of springs decline in discharge was gradual, while it was rapid in the latter category of springs. Therefore, with regard to sustained supply of water for household consumption FR/JT springs can be considered more suitable. Land use and land cover such as moderately grazed pasture, abandoned agricultural terraces and few trees but dense growth of bushes and oak forest in the spring recharge area were found conducive for spring discharge and may be promoted for long-term water resource conservation in this region.     

汶川地震汉源县烈度异常区地质构造背景分析

汉源县是汶川8.0级大地震Ⅵ度区内唯一的Ⅷ度异常区,是十分典型的远震烈度异常区.本文在汉源场地条件科考工作的基础上,对其城区及周边地质构造背景条件进行了分析,内容包括区域地层发育概况、区域主要断裂及其活动性、近场断裂分布状况及其对研究区的影响以及第四纪地质地貌的形态,结果表明研究区处于大渡河与流沙河阶地交汇处,河流阶地发育,地形切割深度差异较大,地质构造条件复杂,新构造运动强烈.对汉源县城区地质构造背景进行分析是对其地震烈度异常做出科学解释的前提和基础,进一步确定烈度异常的原因,因而具有极高的科学价值和重要的工程意义.     

福建省胃癌高发区环境地质、地球化学特征分析

采用多元统计方法,从福建省14个市、县的52个乡、镇、市区调查结果表明,胃癌死亡率以40/10万为界,分为胃癌高发区和中低发区,两者间地理分布差异明显。胃癌高发区位于中部沿海平原,地质背景以第四纪海积层为主,四周为中生代酸性－中酸性火山岩及花岗岩类侵入体。区内断裂构造发育。环境地球化学以缺乏铁、钴、镍、钒与异常富集的汞、金、钡为特征,其中,铁、钴的协同抑制胃癌高发区有明显的作用,金、汞协同诱发胃癌的作用值得进一步研究。     

试论环境工程地质学的科学性质与学科发展

环境工程地质学是一门新兴的边缘学科,发展历史较短,理论体系尚不够成熟。本文分析了环境工程地质学产生的动因与研究现状,探讨了环境工程地质学的科学性质与学科发展。