地下水弥散实验研究

本文通过野外实验的方法,确定了地下水含水层的弥散参数,为建立准确可靠的地下水污染预测模型提供依据,对地下水环境质量研究和环境影响评价具有实际意义。     

江苏油田腐蚀钢管抗震性能试验研究

对在高温高压恶劣环境中工作的原油集输管道进行了材质机械性能和结构强度的试验研究。结果表明：①腐蚀管道材质的强度极限应力σｂ和屈服极限应力σＳ的变化很小,故材质的机械性能无明显变化;②腐蚀管道焊缝的强度极限应力仅为管材强度极限应力的５５１３％;③腐蚀管道因局部点蚀造成的管壁穿孔,使管道的结构强度大幅度下降,塑性降低,延伸率减小,抗震性能明显削弱。试验研究结果给出了油田已建管道震害预测工作的评判依据,并为管道防腐研究提供了新线索。     

湘南水田施用硝态氮肥的土壤生态学效应

水田施用硝态氮肥，长期以来被人们视为禁区．我们于１９９０—１９９１年在中国农业科学院红壤实验站的田间试验结果表明：和铵态氮肥（氯化铵）相比，水田施用硝态氮能够提高土壤ｐＨ及速效磷和有效钾的含量，有利于晚稻收获后冬季绿肥作物的生长。但在水稻生长期间，钾和氮的流失较多，易于污染生态环境，也不利于土壤肥力的进一步提高．     

亚热带红壤性稻田的甲烷排放

亚热带红壤性稻田的甲烷排放量为５５．２３９／ｍ２·ａ．不同年度间有差异；在年度内（水稻生长季节）亦有差异．以８月排放最多，其余月份依其排放量的顺序是７月，６月，５月，９月，１０月．甲烷排放率的日变化有规律性，１６时前后出现最大值，６时左右出现最小值，呈单峰型，日变化幅度与天气有关，季节变化比较复杂，无规律性，在不同年度、不同稻季（早、晚季），其变化也不一致．稻田甲烷排放与水稻生产和生长密切相关，水稻的种植和生长是稻田甲烷排放的基础和根源．     

Sorption of heavy metals on organic and inorganic soil constituents

Sorption of heavy metals to organic matter and mineral soil constituents can hardly be separated experimentally. Here we studied the retention capacity of organic matter and minerals from soils in a long-term field experiment in which the organic carbon content had been altered, but the mineral phase had remained constant over time. The sorption of Cu, Cd and Zn showed a non-additive contribution of soil organic matter and minerals to the sorption capacity of soil. Sorption on organic matter exceeded mineral sorption from 6 to 13 times. This is the first time that sorption to soil organic matter is quantified in bulk soils.     

Case Study on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Emissions from Paddy Field in Taihu Region

The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha^–1 for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha^–1, in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha^–1in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha^–1, distributed as 1.16 kg ha^–1 in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha^–1 in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH₄-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO₃-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting.     

Orientation behavior of homing pigeons at the Gernsheim anomaly

Pigeons were released at four release sites within the Gernsheim anomaly, a magnetic 'hill' with a peak 199 nT above the regional reference field and gentle 'slopes' to all sides, situated 44 km south of the Frankfurt loft. Local magnetic conditions at the sites differed in total intensity and in direction and steepness of the intensity gradient. At all sites, the pigeons were well oriented, showing counterclockwise deviations from the home directions that were most pronounced in the western part of the anomaly. There was no systematic difference in orientation behavior or homing performance between the sites within the anomaly and a control site outside. No effect of the local gradient direction was found, nor did the difference in intensity between home loft and the release site affect behavior. This argues against the use of magnetic navigational factors. However, pigeons released for the first time within the anomaly tended to have longer mean vectors with increasingly steeper gradients, which could mean that the birds might somehow have realized the anomalous nature of the local magnetic conditions and ignored them, relying on non-magnetic cues instead.Communicated by R. Gibson     

水中甲苯、对二甲苯磁化-光解耦合过程动力学研究

以甲苯、对二甲苯两种典型苯系污染物为研究对象 ,对其在水中的紫外光解(UV)、磁化 紫外光解 (PM UV)进行了过程动力学比较研究 ,结果证实高强度永久磁场 ( >0 1T)有促进光解的效应 ,并阐述了磁场通过影响污染物光解时 ,自由基对系间跃迁速度的变化而影响反应速度的作用机理 .     

特定静电场长期作用下作物叶绿体膜组分及膜流动性的变化

研究了0.3kV/cm静电场长期作用下,大豆、黄瓜与油青菜心叶片光合细胞中叶绿体膜脂肪酸组分和膜流动性的影响.结果表明,静电场处理使叶绿体膜不饱和脂肪酸相对含量增加,饱和脂肪酸相对含量减少,膜脂肪酸的不饱和度指数和膜流动性提高.进一步研究发现,静电场处理使叶片细胞内丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性提高,表明静电场的作用提高了作物光合细胞抗氧化保护酶系统的功能,使光合细胞中叶绿体膜流动性增加.图3表1参16