氯化汞对鲤幼鱼鳃组织抗氧化系统和组织损伤研究

在急性毒性试验的基础上,设定0.052 mg·L-1(SL)、0.13 mg·L-1(SM)、0.26 mg·L-1(SH)三个汞离子染毒浓度和一个对照组(SC)研究无机汞污染对黄河鲤幼鱼鳃组织过氧化物酶(POD)活性和(丙二醛)MDA含量以及鳃组织损伤的影响。实验结果显示:POD活性随氯化汞浓度的增加先上升后下降,当浓度为0.26 mg·L-1时POD活性显著的低于对照组(p0.05);实验组MDA含量均显著高于对照组(p0.05);实验组鳃组织可见鳃小片肿胀,基部增生,上皮细胞脱落,泌氯细胞增多,细胞核溶解及金属沉积。试验结果表明氯化汞对鲤鳃组织结构和抗氧化系统具有明显的损伤。     

镉锌在河南华溪蟹鳃中的吸收途径及亚细胞分布研究

采用火焰原子分光光度法检测了河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanense)鳃中重金属镉、锌的含量,进而探讨了镉、锌两种金属在河南华溪蟹鳃组织中的吸收途径及亚细胞分布情况.实验首先运用Ca2+通道抑制剂三氯化镧(La Cl3)和巯基抑制剂N-乙烷基顺丁烯二酰亚胺(NEM)对河南华溪蟹预处理4 h,然后再用不同浓度镉(50、100、500μg·L-1)、锌(100、1000μg·L-1)分别处理7 d.实验结果显示,La Cl3仅抑制了鳃组织中镉的吸收,而NEM抑制了鳃组织中镉、锌的吸收.在亚细胞组分中,La Cl3降低了镉在细胞碎片和细胞器中的分布,NEM减少了镉在热稳定蛋白及锌在热变性蛋白部分的分布;两种抑制剂均增加了锌在金属富含颗粒部分的分布.实验结果表明,在河南华溪蟹鳃组织的不同亚细胞组分中,镉、锌两种重金属的分布具有差异,推测La Cl3和NEM均可调控镉的吸收,而NEM只调控锌的吸收.     

铜在鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)鱼鳃微环境中的形态分布

利用 Playle设计的装置测定了不同铜暴露水平下鲤鱼鳃部进出水中的游离铜离子浓度、粘液含量及有关参数 .用MINTEQA2和单配位体模型联合的试算方法计算了不同形态铜含量以及鳃部粘液对铜的络合能力 .结果表明 ,利用该算法可以获得鱼鳃微环境金属形态分布的准确结果 ,同时可以得到与鱼鳃粘液络合能力有关的参数 .随着暴露铜含量增加 ,粘液分泌量随之增加 ,鱼鳃微环境 p H和碱度也有所上升 .鱼鳃粘液的络合当量浓度 ( Cu/ C)和稳定常数 (对数 )分别为 0 .95mmol/ mg和5.32 .就铜形态分布而言 ,鱼鳃微环境与外部水相的主要差别表现在相对较高的羟基络合态铜含量以及占总量 3%～ 2 0 %的鱼鳃粘液络合态铜 .     

Effects of cadmium on metallothionein and histology in gills of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at different salinities

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of sublethal cadmium concentrations on the levels of cadmium, metallothionein (MT) and histological changes in gills of East Java strain tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at different salinity levels. The levels of cadmium in control gills were not significantly different at 0, 5 and 10 practical salinity unit (PSU). The cadmium concentrations in gills of cadmium-exposed fish were significantly higher at 0 PSU than at 5, 10 and 15 PSU. The MT concentrations in control gills were not significantly different at 0, 5, and 10 PSU. The MT concentrations of cadmium-exposed fish were significantly higher than those in respective control groups at 0, 5 and 10 PSU. Significant gill damage occurred in fish exposed to cadmium at lower salinity. The epithelial lifting was noted at gills of fish exposed to 2.5 mg/L of cadmium at 0 PSU, and telangiectasis was observed at gills exposed to 5 mg/L of cadmium at 0 PSU. The level of gill damage decreased with increasing salinity of media. The increased MT and histological changes in gills of our findings could be a protective response of animals to toxic effect of cadmium.     

Endosulfan acute toxicity and histomorphological alterations in Jenynsia multidentata (Anablepidae,Cyprinodontiformes)

Toxicity tests using adult specimens of Jenynsia multidentata were carried out during 96 hours in order to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of endosulfan. Histological alterations were determined in gills and liver. Gill damage was quantified as secondary lamellae thickness. The 96 hr LC50 values were significantly different between males (0.719 μ g.L^{? 1}) and females (1.317 μg.L^{? 1}). The sex difference was attributed to the dimorphism in the lipid content in females (2.16%) and males (1.79%). Histological alterations in gills included hypertrophy and lifting of the epithelium of the secondary lamellae and aneurisms. These alterations caused a significant increase of the secondary lamellae thickness in treatment versus control fish. Finally, reversible histological alterations (such as hydropic degeneration and dilation of sinusoids) were observed in the liver of exposed fish as well as an irreversible change such as necrosis at the highest concentrations.     

金鱼(Carassius auratus)对颗粒态镉的鳃吸收

采用水相平衡态镉浓度不变（0.01mg/L),增加水铝矿颗粒吸附态镉暴露的实验方法，研究了金鱼(Carassius auratus)对颗粒态镉的鳃吸收，结果表明，鳃中镉含量均随态镉暴露浓度增加，且镉／铝含量比明显高于水相，从而证实了颗粒态镉的鲁鳃吸收有效性，金鱼鳃吸收态镉的主要过程是：随水流流经鳃表面的颗粒态匐会着在鳃表粘液上，在鳃部微环境下，吸附的镉发生解吸而被鳃部细胞吸收，颗粒物及未被吸收的镉在鳃丝表面短暂停留后与脱落粘液一起随水流从鳃部排出。     

镉诱导华溪蟹不同组织金属硫蛋白表达及镉蓄积的研究

为了系统研究镉诱导华溪蟹不同组织(肝胰腺,腮)金属硫蛋白(MT)表达及镉蓄积状况,并探讨二者之间的关系,采用体外镉暴露法处理华溪蟹,用镉-血红蛋白饱和法和火焰原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)分别测定华溪蟹肝胰腺及腮中镉蓄积及MT表达含量.结果显示,暴露期间动物死亡率低于9.2%.体重未见显著变化.不同浓度镉暴露下.华溪蟹体内镉蓄积及金属硫蛋白表达具有明显组织差异,且呈现一定的时间-效应与剂量-效应关系.鳃中镉蓄积量高于肝胰腺且最高达到(15.41 ±3.21)μg·g-1;而肝胰腺中MT表达量高于鳃,最高达到(97.18±11.83)μg·g-1.通过鳃及肝胰腺中MT的镉结合率计算,显示肝胰腺中的镉可完全被MT结合,而鳃中镉蓄积量远远大于MT结合能力.     

Histopathological impact of industrial wastewater on the vital organs of Oreochromis mossambicus

The acute toxicity of paper mill wastewater to Oreochromis mossambicus was investigated with the lethal concentration (LC50) value 6.5% for 96?h exposure. This concentration was used as a baseline to study the effects of paper mill effluent on histopathological changes in gills, liver, kidney, and brain of fish. In the gills, filament cell proliferation, cellular infiltration, hemorrhage, and epithelial lifting were observed. In the liver, vacuolation of hepatocytes and necrosis were noted. In kidney, exfoliation and swollen with pyknotic nuclei were identified. Similarly, the brain also showed enlarged pyramidal cells, binucleated nuclei, vacoulation, and necrosis. These changes occurred predominantly in 21days following exposure of fish to the industrial waste water. Paper mill wastewater was found to be highly toxic to fish.     

Linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS) and bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cu and Pb) in Ruditapes philippinarum

The effect of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) on copper and lead bioaccumulation in Ruditapes philippinarum was studied. The in vitro and in vivo effect of LAS on acid and alkaline phosphatase activities was also examined. For lead, significant differences (P<0.01) were observed between organisms exposed to lead and to the mixture of LAS and lead. In the case of copper, these differences were only significant in the digestive gland (P<0.05). In vitro acid phosphatase was inhibited by LAS and the mixture of LAS with copper showed the effect of decreasing the enzymatic activity. Nevertheless, in vivo no significant differences in the digestive gland and gills (P < 0.05) were observed.     

Measurement of pyrene in the gills of exposed fish using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy

A synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) method was developed for determination of pyrene in the gills of exposed fish. The wavelength differences (Δλ) of 50 nm was maintained between excitation and emission wavelengths and it was found to be suitable for the effective determination of pyrene in fish gills; the peak were observed at λ_ex 334.5 nm. Linear relationships between SFS intensity and the concentration of pyrene in n-hexane solution were established. It was demonstrated that the SFS method was effective, simple, and less expensive, providing an attractive alternative for the rapid analysis of pyrene in fish gills.