A biotechnological agenda for the third world

Third World countries should exploit the genetic information stored in their flora and fauna to develop independent and highly competitive biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries. The necessary condition for this policy to succeed is the reshaping of their universities and hospitals—to turn them into high-caliber research institutions dedicated to the creation of original knowledge and biomedical invention. Part of the service of the Third World foreign debt should be co-invested with the lending banks in high technology enterprises. This should be complemented with an active program of investments in First World biotech companies and university research departments which could contribute to the solving of problems connected with the First World. These strategic alliances would allow effective training of molecular biologists, improvement of South American universities, and education of biotechnologists, managers, and lawyers in the complexities of high-technology business. The establishment of real joint ventures between developed and underdeveloped countries might contribute to change the present strained relations between the North and the South, and science and technology could become real forces of social and economic development.     

全氟辛烷磺酸钾(PFOS)和纳米氧化锌(Nano-ZnO)单独与联合暴露对斑马鱼胚胎的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡的影响

探讨全氟辛烷磺酸钾(PFOS)和纳米氧化锌(Nano-Zn O)复合暴露对斑马鱼机体氧化损伤和细胞凋亡的影响。将斑马鱼胚胎暴露于PFOS(0、0.4、0.8和1.6 mg·L-1)、Nano-Zn O(0、12.5、25和50 mg·L-1)、PFOS+Nano-Zn O(0、0.4+12.5、0.8+25和1.6+50 mg·L-1)溶液中6天后,检测相关的酶活性变化(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Gpx)、脂质过氧化物(MDA)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶(Caspase-3和Caspase-9)和与细胞凋亡相关基因(Bax,p53和Bcl-2)表达情况。结果表明:PFOS和Nano-Zn O单独与复合暴露均可造成斑马鱼胚胎的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡,但复合暴露组的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡程度明显大于单独暴露组。在PFOS和Nano-Zn O单独和复合暴露组中,随着处理浓度的升高,SOD、Gpx、Caspase-3和Caspase-9酶的活性显著升高。而CAT酶活性随着处理浓度的升高抑制作用显著。PFOS与Nano-Zn O复合暴露组与单独暴露组相比,Bax和p53表达显著上调,而Bcl-2表达显著下调。因此,在实验浓度范围内,等毒性配比1:1条件下,推测NanoZn O可以增强PFOS对斑马鱼胚胎的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡毒性。     

Probabilistic ecological risk assessment for three chlorophenols in surface waters of China

Individual and combined assessment of risks of adverse effects to aquatic ecosystems of three chlorophenols (CPs), including 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP), were conducted. A probabilistic approach based on the concentrations of CPs in surface waters of China was used to determine the likelihood of adverse effects. The potential risk of CPs in surface waters of China was determined to be of concern, especially PCP and mixtures of CPs. The risks of adverse effects were examined as the joint probabilities of exposure and response. The joint probability for PCP was 0.271 in the worst case and 0.111 in the median case, respectively. Based on the cumulative probability, 5% of aquatic organisms included in the assessment would be affected 21.36% of the time in the worst case and 5.99% of the time in median case, respectively. For the mixtures of CPs, the joint probability were 0.171 in the worst case and 0.503 in median case, respectively and 5% of species would be affected 49.83% of the time for the worst case and 12.72% in the median case, respectively. Risks of effects of the individual CPs, 2,4-DCP and 2,4,6-TCP were deemed to be acceptable with a overlapping probability of < 0.1 with 5% of species being affected less than 4% of the time.     

一种部分碳税机制的经济分析

基于目前全球气候变化谈判的困境提出一种部分碳税机制,这种机制与1997年12月缔约国大会第三次会议所形成的京都议定书第12条确立的清洁发展机制（CDM）的雏形清洁发展基金（CDF）有相似的特征,即要求附件Ｉ缔约方为实现公约的目的和体现公约有区别的责任原则,通过实行统一的税收机制并将税收收入转移到发展中国家作为他们在历史过程中过多排放温室气体的自然债务的补偿     

QA/QC措施在中哈有机氯农药联合监测工作中的应用

为了说清伊犁河出、入境断面六六六、DDT等4种有机氯农药的检出问题,中国与哈萨克斯坦双方分别在中方的三道河子断面和哈方的杜本断面进行了联合研究性监测。中方采取现场采集平行样并加带全程序空白样品,实验室采用溶剂空白、实验室空白、全程序空白、平行双样以及加标回收分析等质控措施,使哈方专家认可中方监测数据的准确性和有效性,保证了双方的监测结果被中哈环保合作委员会接受和采用。研究以中哈跨界河流实际监测的典型实例,论证了质量保证与质量控制措施（QA/QC）在跨国界河流联合监测工作中的重要作用。     

铜和异噻唑啉酮类化合物对大型溞的联合毒性研究

异噻唑啉酮类化合物在杀菌、海洋防污等领域的广泛使用和长期排放,对非靶标生物造成了极大的风险 .铜是海洋防污中应用最为广泛的无机活性物质和杀菌灭藻剂中常用的稳定剂 . 因此,研究铜和异噻唑啉酮类化合物的联合毒性效应有着重要的生态意义 . 本研究测定了CuCl₂、甲基异噻唑啉酮(MIT)和 1,2-苯并异噻唑啉-3-酮(BIT)对大型溞(Daphnia Magna)的一元、二元急性毒性,以毒性单位(TU)和混合毒性指数(MTI)评价混合物的作用类型 .选取浓度加和(Concentration Addition,CA)模型与独立作用(Independent Action,IA)模型为参考并结合三维偏差响应面分析混合物毒性相互作用与浓度变化的规律 . 结果表明,CuCl₂、MIT 和 BIT 对大型溞的 48 h-EC₅₀分别为 0.84、1.06 和 3.90 mg·L^-1.CuCl₂-MIT 和 CuCl₂-BIT 混合体系在等毒性比例下的毒性作用符合 IA ...     

苯并（a）芘和芘对梭鱼血红蛋白含量的影响

多环芳烃 [Ｐｏｌｙｃｙｃｌｉｃａｒｏｍａｔｉｃｈｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎｓ (ＰＡＨｓ) ]是海洋常见的污染物 ,由于具有致癌性和致突变性而成为必须检测的污染物 .有关多环芳烃对鱼类的血液学指标的影响 ,国外已有一些报道[1 ,2 ] ,国内的报道还很少 .有人认为白细胞数、白细胞的吞噬能力等免疫毒理学指标能较好地反映水体污染状况 .而血红蛋白能否作为污染监测的生物标志物 ,多环芳烃对鱼类血红蛋白是否存在毒性影响 ,这些尚无定论 .80年代以来 ,各国水生毒理学家越来越重视毒物的联合作用 ,已研究的毒物种类较广泛 ,包括金属间的联合作用…     

砷、铜、苯酚对鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio Linn.）的联合毒性研究

应用微核试验、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和酯酶活性测定技术,比较和分析了42d内饲养于ρ（Cu^2 )0.01mg/L、ρ(As^3 )0.1mg/L、ρ（Phe)0.005mg/L及其二二 且合物和三组合物溶液中鲤鱼嗜多染红细胞微核率,肝、肾脏酯酶活性和同工酶谱,结果显示,ρ（Cu^2 )0.01mg/L对鲤鱼嗜多染红细胞微核无诱发作用,肝、肾脏酯酶活性无抑制作用;ρ（Phe)0.005mg/L和ρ(As^3 )0.1mg/L溶液中鲤鱼随时间 延长其微核率相应升高,其肝、肾脏酯酶活性减弱 ,同工酶带减少,砷、铜、苯酚间协同作用增大鲤鱼微核诱发效应,肝、肾脏酯酶活性减弱,同工酶带减少,因此,建议对现行渔业水质标准应作进一步验证实验,要充分考虑污染物间协同效应,以便使渔业水质标准更符合实际。     

The synthetic pyrethroid isomers II. Biological activity

Abstract

Pure optical isomers of phenothrin, permethin and cypermethrin were synthesised and tested on a wide spectrum of insects (Blattella germanica, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Tribolium confusum, Oncopeltus fasciatus, Musca domestica, Aedes aegypti). Our results suggest that in the structurally related series phenothrin, permethrin and cypermethrin the chemical modifications had only a small influence on intrinsic activity of the compounds at the target site. The activity of piperonylbutoxide synergised 1Rtrans phenothrin and 1Rcis permethrin (LD₅₀=1.2 ng/fly in both cases) is in a similar range to the most active 1RcisS cypermethrin isomer alone or with PB (LD₅₀=0.9 and 0.4 ng/fly, respectively). Some cypermethrin isomers considered previously to be totally inactive show significant activity depending on the tested insect species. The 1ReisR and 1RtransR isomers proved to be as active as the most potent isomers on mosquito. A similarly unexpected result was that in the case of mosquito all four trans isomers were significantly more active than the corresponding eis isomers.

The superiority of the (S)‐α configuration over (R)‐α was found. It does not result from a higher intrinsic activity at the target site, but rather from the enhanced metabolic resistance of (S)‐α‐esters to ester cleavage as confirmed by Synergist studies. The activity of the two most potent stereoisomers, 1ReisS and 1RtransS, could not be elevated by quinalphos, while the inactive 1ScisR and 1StransR isomers showed significant activity with the esterase inhibitor quinalphos administered sublethally.

In contrast with the antagonism between (S)‐ and (R)‐α‐epimers of cypermethrin reported earlier a considerable synergism was observed between 1RtransS and 1StransR enantiomer pair on flour beetle and housefly in tarsal contact tests.

The results with stereoisomers and their mixtures were utilised in the development of two new products, Chinmix (beta‐cypermetrhin) and Transmix (theta‐cypermetrhin).     

工业企业场地再开发的多部门联合监管机制探讨

工业企业关停搬迁场地由于地理位置优越,再开发需求强烈。直接开发未经治理修复的污染场地,所带来的环境安全、健康风险和社会风险隐患相当突出,必须高度重视。从场地再开发流程分析入手,分析了从企业搬迁到场地再开发利用过程中不同环节存在的环境风险及其涉及的相应监管部门。在此基础上,提出了基于搬迁、流转、流转后三阶段划分的涉及工业和信息化、国土资源、住房和城乡建设、环境保护等多部门的全过程环境风险防控机制,可为中国建立有效的污染场地再开发联合监管机制提供参考。