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81.
Over-allocation of irrigation water has led to widespread environmental degradation in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) in Australia,
prompting discussions of the water efficiency performance of irrigated industries. There is increasing pressure for irrigators
to adopt water efficient practices in line with ecologically sustainable principles, especially with current drought conditions.
However, there is great uncertainty surrounding the available practices to improve irrigation efficiency from both ecological
and economic standpoints. This paper examines the economic and environmental impact of several possible water efficient practices
and government policies, using an interdisciplinary approach combining biophysical modelling and economic modelling. This
is done for the case-study of the Mooki catchment in the MDB, located in northern New South Wales, Australia. 相似文献
82.
Reduced emissions of acidifying pollutants have changed the acidification process, and as a result, forest soils and surface
waters are slowly recovering in Sweden. However, model calculations show that some areas may never recover completely unless
further measures, such as liming, are undertaken. Liming of surface waters (lakes, rivers and wetlands) has been successfully
practised in Sweden since the 1970s, but repeated treatments are necessary. A full recovery of acidified lakes and streams
without frequent liming is however not possible until soil acidification is reversed in the most strongly affected areas.
In this study, the recovery of acidified streams was examined using ‘the total catchment approach’ i.e. treatment of both
recharge and discharge areas. The aim was to compare the quantitative effect of different treatments on run off chemistry
and the recovery of brown trout. Catchments in southwest Sweden were treated with a combination of 2 tons of wood ash and
4, 6 or 12 tons of crushed limestone per hectare in 1998/1999. Treatment of both recharge and discharge areas resulted in
fast and significant changes in stream water quality, e.g. increased concentrations of calcium, higher pH and ANC and a decreased
concentration of inorganic aluminium. The initial changes were dependent on the distribution of the applied lime between discharge
and recharge areas rather than the average dose on the total catchment. Treatment of recharge areas only, resulted in smaller
but still significant effects on calcium, pH and ANC in stream water. Furthermore, there was an initial leaching of nitrate
but it was only minor compared with the elevated leaching that occurs after a clear-cut. As a result of the treatments, brown
trout is now successfully reproducing.
Olle Westling (deceased). 相似文献
83.
Analysis of the character and condition of each river style in Bega catchment, and their downstream patterns, are used to
provide a biophysical basis to prioritorize river management strategies. These reach-scale strategies are prioritorized within
an integrative catchment framework. Conserving near-intact sections of the catchment is the first priority. Second, those
parts of the catchment that have natural recovery potential are targeted. Finally, rehabilitation priorities are considered
for highly degraded reaches. At these sites, erosion and sedimentation problems may reflect irreversible changes to river
structure. 相似文献
84.
Changes in the role of relict crustaceans in the zoobenthic communities of large subarctic Lake Imandra are analyzed over the long period of economic development in its drainage area. To date, Mysis relicta as a species highly sensitive to anthropogenic pollution has apparently disappeared from the lake fauna. The currently recorded maximum values of Pontoporeia affinis abundance and biomass are more than 20 times as great as those between 1968 and 1986. As in other lakes with mass development of P. affinis, the populations of this crustacean inhibit chironomid larvae in the communities of Lake Imandra. 相似文献
85.
近50 a长江流域暴雨日数时空变化分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用1961~2010年长江流域逐日降水资料和DEM数据,结合Mann-Kendall趋势法、变差系数法以及GIS空间分析等方法,分析了近50 a长江流域年均暴雨日数时空变化特征。结果表明:长江流域年均暴雨日数基本呈自东向西递减的规律,且随着海拔升高,年均暴雨日数逐渐减少,两者呈显著负相关关系;长江流域上游高原气候影响区年均暴雨日数小于1 d;而中上游中亚热带湿润气候影响区大于2 d;随着纬度的增加,暴雨开始时间推迟,结束时间提前,持续时间减少;年暴雨日数的变差系数与年均暴雨日数满足幂指数关系,相关系数达0.97,为显著相关。表现为年均暴雨日数大(小)的地方,变差系数小(大);除长江中下游中部和四川盆地及其周边地区年暴雨日数为减少趋势外,其它地方均表现为不同程度的增加趋势。鄱阳湖水系、四川(雅安市、峨眉山市、万源市)、湖南(安化县、南岳区)、湖北(洪湖市、英山县)年暴雨日数多且变差系数小,洪水、泥石流等灾害压力巨大;为有关部门了解长江流域洪水等灾害的发生机制、提高灾害预测预报能力、制定防灾减灾政策等提供科学依据。 相似文献
86.
三峡库区小流域稻田空间格局对氮磷流失影响 总被引:6,自引:5,他引:1
选取三峡库区涪陵段封闭性较好的王家沟小流域,分别利用2014~2015年采集的3个稻田坡面12次自然降雨地表径流样品和2次自然降雨过程地表径流样品以及2010、2015年两个子流域日径流样品,对比分析坡面稻田空间格局差异和子流域稻田空间格局变化对地表径流氮磷流失浓度影响.结果表明,坡底布设的稻田对TN、NO_3~--N和TP去除率高于坡腰,坡底稻田田块越大TP去除效果越好;次降雨过程中,3种空间格局稻田TN、NO_3~--N和TP流失浓度在大雨事件降雨前期差异最明显,而中雨事件则为降雨后期;与2010年相比,2015年两个子流域稻田空间格局变化削弱了稻田对子流域氮磷流失拦截净化能力,主要表现为小到中雨事件和基流时期TN流失浓度明显升高,中到大雨事件TP流失浓度极易呈现跳跃性浮动.因此,合理增加流域稻田数量,优化稻田空间格局是三峡库区农业面源污染控制的有效措施. 相似文献
87.
88.
应用GLEAMS模型评估我国东南地区农业小流域硝态氮的渗漏淋失 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
应用GLEAMS模型估算我国东南亚热带地区农业小流域硝态氮的渗漏淋失.在五川流域8种不同土地利用方式的农田中埋设渗漏监测装置,每月采集水样分析硝态氮含量.用2002年4-12月作物生长季节的实测数据进行模型校验的结果表明,模型对水稻田除外的其他土地利用方式下硝态氮渗漏淋失模拟效果较好.五川流域2002年硝态氮淋失模拟计算结果表明,不同土地利用方式下硝态氮淋失时空差异显著,全年渗漏量(以氮计)为4.64~38.39 kg·hm-2,流域面积加权平均为29.99 kg·hm-2.甘蔗地、香蕉地和蔬菜地的年硝态氮渗漏量最高,渗漏峰值一般出现在7-8月.降雨、土地利用和化肥施用等人类活动是影响硝态氮渗漏淋失的主要因素. 相似文献
89.
考虑同类模型在模拟大尺度流域时存在的一些弱点,开发了基于单元网格,并且结构较为简单、参数数量较少的分布式水文模型WATLAC。为了验证该模型在大尺度流域长时间序列的模拟效果,选取鄱阳湖流域的最大子流域——赣江流域(817万km2)为验证区域。流域的空间非均匀性由单元网格离散并模拟。根据下垫面数据精度,选取4 km×4 km的离散网格尺寸,并应用ArcGIS等软件建立流域网格信息,生成模型输入数据。采用1960~1989年外洲站和峡江站的实测资料对模型进行了验证。率定期(1960~1969年)两水文站日、月和年径流确定性系数在081~093,Ens系数在079~099,年径流统计量相对误差均低于8%;校核期(1970~1989年)两水文站日、月和年径流确定性系数在076~092,Ens系数在075~091,年径流统计量相对误差均低于2%。结果显示,模拟的径流量与实测值吻合良好,模型在赣江流域得到了很好的验证。模型对赣江流域具有较强的适用性,在流域水资源管理中具有较好的应用前景。 相似文献
90.
Bacterial abundance and diversity in snow of East Rongbuk,Laohugou and Hailuogou glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau were investigated through epifluorescence microscope and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.Cell abundance ranged from 4.0 × 10 3 to 290.2 × 10 3 cells/mL.The phylogenetic trees placed the 16S rRNA sequences in four major groups:Proteobacteria,Firmicutes,Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes.Brevundimonas,Flavobacterium,Hymenobacter,Bacillus,Polaromonas,Rhodoferax and Streptomyces were widely distributed bacteria in glaciers from different cold regions.The remaining five genera of Hylemonella,Delftia,Zoogloea,Blastococcus and Rhodococcus were endemism,only recovered from our investigated glaciers.It is proposed that the three glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau provide a specific ecological niche for prolonging survival of diverse microbial lineages. 相似文献