风帘长度对采空区瓦斯体积分数及自燃“三带”分布的影响

采用Fluent软件,对工作面进风侧无风帘、风帘长度20 m、30m、40m四种情况下的采空区流场进行了数值模拟,分析了不同风帘长度下采空区瓦斯和自燃“三带”的分布情况.结果表明:随风帘长度增加,采空区瓦斯爆炸范围虽变化不明显,但距工作面越来越近;采空区自燃带逐渐向工作面靠近,能使窒息带在采空区走向方向上变宽,覆盖原本位于采空区自燃带中后部(靠近窒息带)的高温点,降低采空区自燃发火的危险性.     

空气质量预测数据的三维雾化展示技术

在国家＂863＂项目＂重点城市群大气复合污染综合防治技术与集成示范项目＂的研究中,通过利用DirectX3D编程技术将体积雾与体纹理技术进行创造性结合,实现了空气质量预测数据的三维雾化展示。本文主要阐述了此研究的背景、研究过程、技术要点及研究成果。     

浅述汽车加油站油气回收系统监测研究

加油站油气回收系统是由卸油油气回收系统、汽油密闭储存、加油油气回收系统、在线监测系统和油气排放处理装置组成。该系统的作用是将加油站在卸油、储油和加油过程中产生的油气,通过密闭收集、储存和送入油罐汽车的罐内,运送到储油库集中回收变成汽油,以达到在汽车加油、油料储运过程中油汽不外泄,不污染周边环境的目的。根据中华人民共和国《加油站大气污染物排放标准》(GB 20952-2007)中第六条的规定,长三角地区的改造项目应在2010年1月1日进行,因此对加油站油气回收系统的监测显得十分紧迫。     

SNOW AND ICE ALBEDO MEASURED WITH TWO TYPES OF PYRANOMETERS1

ABSTRACT: In order to obtain total short-wave albedos of snow and ice, both incident and reflected solar radiation were measured over a frozen lake surface using two different types of radiation measurement devices: a Kipp and Zonen thermopile pyranometer with a spectral sensitivity of 300 to 2800 nm and a LI-COR photovoltaic pyranometer with a spectral sensitivity of 400 to 1100 am. The spectral response of the LI-COR pyranometers limits its use as a short-wave radiation measurement device. Therefore, two equations were developed to adjust both the daily incident radiation data and the daily reflected radiation data measured by the LI-COR instrument to total short-wave radiation values, i.e., to the waveband of 300 to 2800 nm (visible to near-infrared spectrum). The LI-COR data were then adjusted, and a total short-wave adjusted albedo was calculated with a modeling efficiency of 0.97.     

EFFECT OF SIMULATED CLIMATE CHANGE ON SNOWMELT RUNOFF MODELING IN SELECTED BASINS1

ABSTRACT: The projected increase in the concentration of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is likely to result in a global temperature increase. This paper reports on the probable effects of a temperature increase and changes in transpiration on basin discharge in two different mountain snowmelt regions of the western United States. The hydrological effects of the climate changes are modeled with a relatively simple conceptual, semi-distributed snowmelt runoff model. Based on the model results, it may be concluded that increased air temperatures will result in a shift of snowmelt runoff to earlier in the snowmelt season. Furthermore, it is shown that it is very important to include the expected change in climate-related basin conditions resulting from the modeled temperature increase in the runoff simulation. The effect of adapting the model parameters to reflect the changed basin conditions resulted in a further shift of streamflow to April and an even more significant decrease of snowmelt runoff in June and July. If the air temperatures increase by approximately 5°C and precipitation and accumulated snow amounts remain about the same, runoff in April and May, averaged for the two basins, is expected to increase by 185 percent and 26 percent, respectively. The runoff in June and July will decrease by about 60 percent each month. Overall, the total seasonal runoff decreases by about 6 percent. If increased CO₂ concentrations further change basin conditions by reducing transpiration by the maximum amounts reported in the literature, then, combined with the 5°C temperature increase, the April, May, June, and July changes would average +230 percent, +40 percent, ?55 percent, and ?45 percent, respectively. The total seasonal runoff change would be +11 percent.     

FRESH GROUND WATER STORED IN AQUIFERS UNDER THE CONTINENTAL SHELF: IMPLICATIONS FROM A DEEP TEST,NANTUCKET ISLAND,MASSACHUSETTS1

ABSTRACT: A deep water-resource and stratigraphic test well near the center of Nantucket Island, about 40 miles (64 km) off the New England Coast, has encountered freshwater at greater depth than predicted by the Ghyben-Herzberg principle. An uppermost lens of fresh-water, which occupies relatively permeable glacial-outwash sand and gravel to a depth of 520 ft. (158 m), is probably in hydrodynamic equilibrium with the present level of the sea and the height of the water table. However, two zones of freshwater between 730-820 ft. (222-250 m) and 900-930 ft. (274-283 m) are anomalously deep. A third zone extending from 1150-1500 ft. (350-457 m) contains slightly salty ground water (2 to 3 parts per thousand dissolved solids). Several explanations are possible, but the most likely is that large areas of the Continental Shelf were exposed to recharge by precipitation during long periods of low sea level in Pleistocene time. After the last retreat of glacial ice, seawater rapidly drowned the shelf around Nantucket Island. Since then, about 8000 years ago, the deep freshwater zones which underlie dense clay layers have not had time to adjust to a new equilibrium. Under similar circumstances freshwater may remain trapped under extensive areas of the Continental Shelf wherever clay confining beds have not permitted saltwater to intrude rapidly to new positions of hydrodynamic equilibrium. The implications are far reaching because all continental shelfs were exposed to similar hydrologic influences during Pleistocene time.     

SURFACE WATER RESOURCES OF ST. JOHNS RIVER,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: The St. Johns River basin is the largest watershed entirely within the State of Florida, and is one of the few northward flowing rivers in the United States. The river basin contains 11,431 square miles, of which 9,430 square miles are drained by the river and its tributaries. The remainder drains into the Atlantic Ocean or the Intracoastal Waterway. Its largest sub-basin is the Oklawaha River basin, which has a drainage area of 2,870 square miles. Ground elevations range from sea level to 200 feet above mean sea level in the main river basin and as high as 300 feet above mean sea level in the Oklawaha River basin. This study was designed to investigate the surface water resources of the St. Johns River and the existing consumptive uses. The analysis revealed that the river is an extremely large and valuable resource which has been under-utilized and could play a much stronger role in serving the needs of the people in the basin.     

STREAM TYPES IN THE DES MOINES RIVER BASIN1

Stream tributaries in the Des Moines River basin have been classified according to the glacial terrain through which they flow. Three stream types were categorized as follows: (1) streams that flow entirely on Wisconsin drift, (2) streams that flow entirely on Kansan drift, and (3) streams that have their headwaters located on new drift but have their lower reaches flowing on older drift. Selected channel and valley characteristics were measured and used to verify the stream type classification. Five variables were chosen for use in a multiple linear discriminatory analysis, which is a statistical technique developed for the purpose of classifying observations into one of several categories which have been predetermined. The streams in each group were verified with the exception of three anomalies based on the probability associated with the largest linear discriminant function. The rationale for the three anomalous streams is not easily determined. But, they are considered to be associated with pre-glacial drainage or at least pre-Wisconsin age drainage. Otherwise, the analysis shows that the major channels and valleys in the Des Moines River basin tend to reflect the glaciated upland surface.     

太白山古冰川遗迹资源与旅游可持续开发

太白山是我国东部古冰川地貌保存较好的山地.该冰川遗迹面积较大、规模壮观、形态保存完整,主要分布在垂直带谱显著的山地顶部,景观十分奇特.在分析冰川遗迹形成的地质基础上,探讨了冰川地貌的主要分布类型,评价了冰川地质遗迹的资源特点,提出了旅游可持续开发的一些建议.     

APPLICATION OF THE SNOWMELT RUNOFF MODEL USING MULTIPLE-PARAMETER LANDSCAPE ZONES ON THE TOWANDA CREEK BASIN,PENNSYLVANIA1

ABSTRACT: The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) is designed to compute daily stream discharge using satellite snow cover data for a basin divided into elevation zones. For the Towanda Creek basin, a Pennsylvania watershed with relatively little relief, analysis of snow cover images revealed that both elevation and land use affected snow accumulation and melt on the landscape. The distribution of slope and aspect on the watershed was also considered; however, these landscape features were not well correlated with the available snow cover data. SRM streamflow predictions for 1990, 1993 and 1994 snowmelt seasons for the Towanda Creek basin using a combination of elevation and land use zones yielded more precise streamflow estimates than the use of standard elevation zones alone. The use of multiple-parameter zones worked best in non-rain-on-snow conditions such as in 1990 and 1994 seasons where melt was primarily driven by differences in solar radiation. For seasons with major rain-on-snow events such as 1993, only modest improvements were shown since melt was dominated by rainfall energy inputs, condensation and sensible heat convection. Availability of GIS coverages containing satellite snow cover data and other landscape attributes should permit similar reformulation of multiple-parameter watershed zones and improved SRM streamflow predictions on other basins.