Influence of built-in obstacles on unconfined vapor cloud explosion

The obstacle structure in the vapor cloud has a significant influence on the gas explosion. Obstacles could not only lead to the acceleration of flame, but also they may occupy some space, thus affecting the amount of combustible gas. In this paper, a new two-step method was proposed to respectively study the effects of the obstacles amount and volume blockage ratio (VBR) on the gas explosion by using Computation Fluid Dynamic software AutoReaGas, and the obstacles in the vapor cloud were set to “Solid” instead of “Subgrid”. Based on the results and analysis, it is found that the peak overpressure and the maximum combustion rate rise with the increase of the number of obstacles for a single VBR, which indicated that the vapor cloud explosion of more obstacles was more dangerous for a single VBR. However, under a single number of obstacles, the peak overpressure and the maximum combustion rate increase firstly and then decrease as VBR increases and reach the highest at the VBR of 0.74, which indicated that the intensity of vapor cloud explosion reach a peak at a certain VBR in the middle instead of the largest. In addition, the existence and structure of obstacles have little effect on the size of explosion fireball when the size and concentration of combustible gas cloud are the same.     

风力机叶片防除冰技术研究现状

提出了风力机防除冰的关键部件是叶片,并介绍了风力机叶片覆冰的影响,叶片防冰的主动与被动型方法及其各自的优缺点。重点阐述了憎水涂料防冰法的研究现状,并总结了憎水性涂料防冰的三大主要效果。对目前风力机叶片防除冰技术的主流方法进行了综合评价,并指出了其日后的发展方向。     

Utilization of Arachis hypogaea hull,an agricultural waste for the production of activated carbons to remove phenol from aqueous solutions

Arachis hypogaea hulls, an agricultural waste, were used to prepare activated carbon by chemical activation with zinc chloride under four different activation atmospheres. The most important parameter in chemical activation was found to be the chemical ratio (activating agent/precursor). Carbonization temperature and time are the other two important variables, which had significant effect on the pore structure of carbon. The maximum Brunquer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and micropore volume of the activated carbon was found to be 418 m²/g and 0.28 cm³/g, respectively. The activated carbon developed shows substantial capability to adsorb phenol from aqueous solutions. The kinetic data were fitted to the models of intraparticle diffusion, pseudo-second-order, and Lagergren, and followed more closely the pseudo-second-order chemisorption model. The isotherm equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Solution pH has significant effect on adsorption and the maximum uptake of phenol was reported at pH 3.5.     

金属负载活性炭催化剂的稳定性研究

通过预处理、浸渍处理、改性液后处理等方式,研究开发出具有电化学反应性能的系列金属负载活性炭催化剂.分别将未改性和改性后的系列金属负载活性炭用于不同pH值下多种高浓度有机废水处理.试验结果表明,改性后的载铜及载铁活性炭催化剂经催化氧化反应后,处理出水中Cu2+离子和Fe2+离子的溶出量均可减少90％以上,苯胺及苯酚废水中COD的去除率可达50％～95％.大大提高了金属负载活性炭催化剂的稳定性,提高了催化剂的使用寿命,降低了废水处理成本.     

Estimating biodegradation half-lives for use in chemical screening

Biodegradation half-lives are needed for many applications in chemical screening, but these data are not available for most chemicals. To address this, in phase one of this work we correlated the much more abundant ready and inherent biodegradation test data with measured half-lives for water and soil. In phase two, we explored the utility of the BIOWIN™ models (in EPI Suite™) and molecular fragments for predicting half-lives. BIOWIN™ model output was correlated directly with measured half-lives, and new models were developed by re-regressing the BIOWIN™ fragments against the half-lives. All of these approaches gave the best results when used for binary (fast/slow) classification of half-lives, with accuracy generally in the 70–80% range. In the last phase, we used the collected half-life data to examine the default half-lives assigned by EPI Suite™ and the PBT Profiler™ for use as input to their level III multimedia models. It is concluded that estimated half-lives should not be used for purposes other than binning or prioritizing chemicals unless accuracy improves significantly.