循环流化床锅炉脱硫灰熔融固化特性研究

为了解决循环流化床锅炉脱硫灰堆存带来的二次污染问题,同时为了将固硫灰能够资源化利用,采用高温熔融技术对脱硫灰进行熔融固化处理,在对熔渣的物相变化、组成变化、密度、重金属、浸出量等特性进行分析的基础上,还研究了冷却方式对熔渣性质的影响。实验结果表明:经熔融处理后,脱硫灰的体积大幅度减小,有害重金属得到了有效固化,同时不同冷却方式能够得到不同性质的熔渣产品。证明熔融固化技术可以实现循环流化床锅炉脱硫灰的减量化、无害化以及资源化利用。     

不同好/厌氧区容积负荷对生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合工艺脱氮除磷的影响

采用自行设计的生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合反应器,研究不同好/厌氧区容积负荷对该工艺脱氮除磷的影响.试验过程中设置了3种不同的工况,每种工况的好氧区和厌氧区容积均不同,工况Ⅰ的是9.66 L和15.34 L,工况Ⅱ的分别为12.56 L和12.44 L,工况Ⅲ的是15.42 L和9.58 L.不同的好/厌氧区容积对应不同的容积负荷.结果表明,工况Ⅰ的氨氮与磷酸盐去除效果稍差,工况Ⅲ出水硝态氮较高,造成总氮去除率较低.工况Ⅱ是最佳运行条件,系统的氨氮去除率为80.63%,氮容积去除负荷为150.27 g·(m3·d)-1,COD去除率为83.24%,释磷量与吸磷量分别为7.23 mg·L-1和11.93 mg·L-1.     

An estimation of vehicle kilometer traveled and on-road emissions using the traffic volume and travel speed on road links in Incheon City

The objective of this study is to estimate the vehicle kilometer traveled (VKT) and on-road emissions using the traffic volume in urban. We estimated two VKT; one is based on registered vehicles and the other is based on traffic volumes. VKT for registered vehicles was 2.11 times greater than that of the applied traffic volumes because each VKT estimation method is different. Therefore, we had to define the inner VKT is moved VKT inner in urban to compare two values. Also, we focused on freight modes because these are discharged much air pollutant emissions. From analysis results, we found middle and large trucks registered in other regions traveled to target city in order to carry freight, target city has included many industrial and logistics areas. Freight is transferred through the harbors, large logistics centers, or via locations before being moved to the final destination. During this process, most freight is moved by middle and large trucks, and trailers rather than small trucks for freight import and export. Therefore, these trucks from other areas are inflow more than registered vehicles. Most emissions from diesel trucks had been overestimated in comparison to VKT from applied traffic volumes in target city. From these findings, VKT is essential based on traffic volume and travel speed on road links in order to estimate accurately the emissions of diesel trucks in target city. Our findings support the estimation of the effect of on-road emissions on urban air quality in Korea.     

中国东北末次冰期松原黄土的释光测年及其古气候意义初探

本文以中国东北松原黄土为研究对象,通过光释光测年建立其末次冰期年代标尺,并探讨磁化率和平均粒径这两个黄土研究中常用的气候替代性指标的可能指示意义。采用成熟的细颗粒石英单片再生(SAR)光释光(OSL)测年技术获得了松原剖面顶部5.5 m年代6个,并获得了2 cm间距的低频磁化率和平均粒径这两个常规参数。石英OSL测年相关检验证实了该技术测量松原黄土的可靠性。测年结果表明,松原剖面顶部5.5 m主要沉积于末次冰期的中晚期,即约5.5—1.8 m((52.18±3.47)—(27.76±1.77)ka)主要堆积于深海氧同位素阶段(MIS)3中晚期,而顶部1.8—0.4 m((27.76±1.77)—(20.61±1.31)ka)堆积于MIS2早期。磁化率自52.18±3.47 ka到27.76±1.77 ka经历了先小幅降低又小幅升高,波动幅度较小,而自27.76±1.77 ka以后,磁化率值呈整体下降并呈现大幅度摆动。平均粒径则自52.18±3.47 ka到46.80±3.13 ka呈明显变小趋势,自46.80±3.13 ka到约20 ka变化不大,自约20 ka以后,平均粒径由约40μm陡然增加至约140μm,并在之后稳定在这一水平。测试结果对比显示,磁化率和粒度的变化不具有明显的相位关系,且同黄土高原渭南剖面末次冰期磁化率和平均粒径的变化也表现出明显的不一致现象。因此,在对松原黄土剖面的研究中,将磁化率和平均粒径分别作为东亚夏季风和冬季风的替代性指标使用时要慎重。     

昌吉州“十一五”工业污染状况与趋势分析

对昌吉州＂十一五＂期间工业污染状况进行了调查研究,重点探讨昌吉州污染源分布,工业能源消耗以及主要污染物排放特征和发展趋势。由分析得知,在昌吉州主要工业污染源分布,污染物总量排放水平等都存在较大的地区性差异,污染物排放总量分布不均。随着昌吉州社会经济的快速发展以及经济总量的不断增加,工业污染物排放总量亦将随之增大,为适应这种变化。通过研究,制定有效措施,为政府部门提供管理决策依据。     

液化石油气点火能试验及爆炸火焰传播分析

为研究液化石油气体积分数与点火能的关系以及爆炸火焰的传播过程,在实验室应用特制的爆炸试验装置,采用调节点火能和液化石油气体积分数的方法,进行一系列爆炸试验,并使用高速摄像机记录爆炸的动态过程。试验结果表明,当液化石油气的试验爆炸体积分数在5%～9%时,其体积分数与点火能之间呈现比较平缓的变化关系,而当其体积分数小于5%或大于9%时,体积分数的稍微变化,其点火能将发生显著的变化。爆炸过程图像分析显示,在爆炸初期,火焰阵面的微分加速起主导作用。随着火焰从点火源位置向四周扩散,光滑的层流火焰开始逐步"湍流化",火焰阵面出现皱折,燃烧面积增加,火焰传播速度逐渐上升直至最大值。在整个过程中,火焰阵面出现非稳定的加速。     

黑龙江、松花江和嫩江冰坝凌汛发生原因及预报方法

利用1951-2000年水文、气象资料,在对黑龙江、松花江、嫩江发生的特大冰坝的年份监测中分析发现,冰坝发生大多在二江同时发生,个别年份有三江同时发生,并有群发特点。冰坝发生前,秋季降水多,河槽蓄水量多,河流水位高;冬季降雪多、气温低;春季开江期,有明显的降水和升温过程,是冰坝的形成和凌汛发生的重要原因。并且分析冰坝发生前期高空环流形势特点,依此研制了冰坝凌汛预报方法。     

近40 a 长江源各拉丹冬冰川进退变化研究

在近几十年气候变暖的背景下,地球上的冰川迅速消融,我国的山地冰川也发生了剧烈变化。山地冰川变化会直接或间接影响地球的生态环境及人类的生活环境,因此对山地冰川的变化进行监测至关重要。各拉丹东冰川的伸缩变化非常明显地揭示了当地乃至青藏高原和全球气候的变迁,极具科研价值。论文在总结国内外研究现状的同时结合所学知识,采用多达5 个时相的陆地资源卫星以及中国冰川目录等有效资料,利用冰雪指数和监督分类方法提取冰川信息,对提取的冰川范围利用空间分析技术进行冰川变化监测。统计分析1973—1986、1986—1992、1992—2004、2004—2009 年4 个时间段以及1973—2009 年整个36 a 间的冰川前进及后退信息,并计算冰川进退变化速率, 对其中5 条变化较大的冰川进行详细的分析统计。结果表明：从1973 年至2009 年近40 a 时间里,各拉丹冬地区既有退缩冰川也有前进冰川, 其中冰川退缩面积为118.64 km², 前进面积为62.66 km²,冰川总体面积持续退缩。根据相关资料,近40 a 来“三江源”地区气温普遍升高是导致各拉丹冬冰川总体面积持续退缩的关键因素。     

ESTIMATING AQUIFER PARAMETERS FROM A HORIZONTAL WELL PUMPING TEST IN AN UNCONFINED AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT: A pumping test on a phreatic glacial till aquifer was performed near Ames, Iowa, in November 1990. The head in a horizontal well was pumped down rapidly and then held constant for the duration of the 30-hour test. Throughout the test, the flow rate at the pumped well and the head at an adjacent vertical observation well were recorded. The pumping test data were used to determine the hydraulic conductivity and specific yield of the aquifer. The results indicate a hydraulic conductivity of 2.23 × 10^?5 cm/s and a representative specific yield of 0.03. Hydraulic conductivity was calculated by a simple integration of Darcy's Law after extrapolating the data to steady state. Specific yield was determined by use of several methods from the literature and a new method proposed by the author. The results show that specific yield increases with time, and that each method is within an order of magnitude of the others.