极地船舶冰载荷研究方法综述

梳理了船冰相互作用时冰载荷的研究方法,从理论分析法、试验方法和仿真模拟方法三个方向进行了分类综述。首先,阐述了理论分析法中直接计算法和概率法的原理和适用性,着重论述了直接计算法分别在总体冰载荷与局部冰载荷的应用。其次,重点介绍了试验方法中的室内模型试验和实尺度实测的研究成果和进展,并指出试验方法在海冰制备、设备环境等方面的研究难点。然后,比较分析了仿真模拟方法中的有限元法和离散元法,简述了各自的优缺点与适用范围,认为有限元法在分析结构失效、断裂等过程中有一定的优势,但对冰的破碎过程的模拟则不如离散元法。最后,讨论总结了船冰相互作用时冰载荷研究方法发展趋势和存在的问题,为领域学者提供一定的参考。     

冰核对华北平原地区积云发展的影响

利用包括双参数化微物理方案的云分辨的WRF模式（简称CR-WRF）,对2014年8月24日发生在华北平原地区的一次积云过程进行了数值模拟。CR-WRF模式比较全面地考虑了气溶胶粒子的活化过程,对不同气溶胶的不同核化方案进行了参数化,包括云凝结核（CCN）的核化、冰核（IN）的均质和异质核化等,令其浓度分为HCCN,MCCN和LCCN三个等级,分别对应数密度为 9000 cm^?3,900 cm^?3和90 cm^?3的情况下,考虑黑碳气溶胶（BC）作为IN,将其数浓度从2 cm^?3增加至 2000 cm^?3,并且在CCN浓度不变的情况下,通过改变BC的浓度探讨积云微物理过程对IN的响应。模拟结果表明：在LCCN条件下,BC浓度很低的时候冰晶数浓度大于HCCN情况下的冰晶浓度。随着BC浓度的不断增加,冰晶粒子数浓度在HCCN条件下迅速增长,并超过了LCCN和MCCN情况下的冰晶数浓度。这是由于LCCN条件下,BC浓度较低时云内过饱和水汽含量高于HCCN情况下的含量,从而形成了较多的冰晶粒子;而随着BC浓度的不断增加,在HCCN条件下的上升气流逐渐大于LCCN条件下的上升气流,因此在HCCN条件下的冰晶得以迅速增长。随着BC浓度的增长,云滴数浓度没有明显的变化;而云滴有效半径呈现出随BC浓度的增长而减小的趋势。这是由于BC对云滴粒子的形成没有较大贡献,随着BC的增加云内上升气流增强,导致云滴粒子有效半径减小。此外,对流中心上升速度随BC浓度的增长而增长;与此同时,下沉速度在LCCN情况下随BC浓度的增长而增长,在HCCN和MCCN情况下则随BC浓度的增长而减小。由此得出以下结论：在LCCN条件下由于云滴粒子的核化过程较低,因此对冰晶的异质核化过程提供了足够的水汽,使得在BC浓度很低的情况下冰晶数浓度大于HCCN和MCCN的条件。由于相变过程会不断地释放潜热,使云内对流中心上升气流增大,下沉气流减弱,并产生更多粒径较小的云滴粒子,从而起到抑制降水发生的作用。     

柴油表征燃料在高浓度CO2氛围下燃烧机理的分析

为研究高浓度CO₂在高温高压情况下对柴油燃烧特性的影响,提出了柴油表征燃料在CO₂/O₂氛围下的燃烧反应机理.通过量子化学计算了化学反应路径并对反应路径进行分析,最后进行柴油表征燃料燃烧的仿真.通过搭建定容燃烧弹试验台架和可视化系统进行试验与仿真分析,结果表明：在50% CO₂+50% O₂氛围下,对仿真与实验的火焰燃烧极限长度和火焰纵截面面积进行对比,最小误差分别为0.39%和0.64%,最大误差分别为8.54%和4.94%,说明此机理适用于高浓度CO₂氛围下柴油燃烧特性的研究;CO₂的化学效应在柴油表征燃料燃烧时具有促进作用,CO₂在2600 K时发生热解,热解产物CO与H自由基等发生反应可以生成着火促进剂·OH;柴油在50% CO₂+50% O₂、43% CO₂+57% O₂和35% CO₂+65% O₂氛围下的燃烧效率比空气氛围分别提高了28.2%、30.4%和33.3%.     

有机负荷冲击对微压反应器的影响及调控策略

通过单周期瞬时有机负荷（OLR）冲击试验,探究了OLR冲击对微压内循环反应器（MPR）去除效率的影响,采用提高曝气量的方式应对冲击,确定不同OLR冲击条件下的最适曝气量.结果表明,随着OLR的增加,出水COD低于50mg/L,出水TN低于10mg/L,但NH₄⁺-N和TP的去除效率随负荷增加而降低.OLR增加到0.26gCOD/（gMLSS·d）时出水TP高于0.5mg/L;OLR增加到0.46gCOD/（gMLSS·d）时出水NH₄⁺-N高于5mg/L.OLR分别为0.26,0.34,0.46gCOD/（gMLSS·d）时,相应最适曝气量分别为1.95,2.25,2.45L/min.在单周期OLR冲击下,通过调控曝气量的方式可以有效应对冲击,保证污染物去除效果.     

Biological effects of water soluble fraction of crude oil on the Arctic sea ice amphipod Gammarus wilkitzkii

With increasing petroleum related activity in the Barents Sea and the subsequent risk of accidents, there is a demand for knowledge about the effect of oil pollution in Arctic ecosystems. In the present study, the sea ice amphipod Gammarus wilkitzkii was exposed to a water soluble fraction (WSF) of oil in two experiments, using a rock column system. First, three groups of adult females were exposed for 36 days for control (n=9), low dose (n=10) (initial and final oil concentration: 14, 115 and 120 μ g/l) and high dose (n=10) (initial and final oil concentration: 78, 764 and 395 μ g/l). Total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase activity (CAT), respiration rate and mortality were measured. In the second experiment, moulting rate was measured in immature individuals of two groups, control (n=10) and exposed (n = 20), over 113 days. No mortality was observed in either of the experiments. There was a dose-related significant increase in respiration rate (40.69 (±22.82), 55.63 (±20.98), 94.57 (±22.80)) mg O₂ h^?1g ww^?1 in control, low dose and high dose, respectively. A higher MDA level was detected in the low dose group (25.04 (±6.00) nmol g^?1 of tissue) compared to both control (20.44 (±2.62) nmol g^?1 of tissue) and high dose groups (20.93 (±4.79) nmol g^?1 of tissue). Likewise, the low dose group had the highest value of TOSC towards hydroxyl (727.74 (±475.58), 1157.58 (±278.62), 1067.30 (±369.22) TOSC unit value mg^?1 of protein for control, low and high dose, respectively). Although no difference in the catalase activity between control and exposed groups was detected, higher activity was measured at 0 °C (average: 248 μ mol^?1 min^?1 mg^?1 of protein) than at the standard temperature for catalase measurement of 25 °C (average: 140 μ mol^?1 min^?1 mg^?1 of protein), indicating a need to optimise the standard operational procedure when working with Arctic organisms. No effect of WSF exposure on moulting rate was detected. In conclusion, little mortality was observed during the experiments, indicating some degree of tolerance levels. However, the biomarker results indicated sub-lethal effects in G. wilkitzkii after exposure to WSF.     

Nanotechnology in cosmetics: a boon or bane?

Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology enabled the manufacturing of elaborated nanometer-sized particles for various biomedical applications. The cosmetic industry is one of the most enthusiastic early adopters of nanotechnology which routinely uses nano-scale ingredients. However, in the absence of mandatory product labeling, it is difficult to estimate the number of cosmetics, sunscreens and personal care products containing nanoparticles that are now commercially available. The increased capacity of nanoparticles to penetrate skin and gain access to human cells is a double-edged sword as it may be useful for medical purposes, but might also result in far greater uptake of substances that exert adverse health effects. Since nanomaterials represent a large group of structurally, physically, and chemically variable substances, specific toxicological studies are required for each product prior to commercialization. This review aims to delineate the most investigated applications, risk and safety considerations, and regulation of nanotechnology in the field of cosmetics.     

Control of sludge settleability and nitrogen removal under low dissolved oxygen condition

Low dissolved oxygen (DO) is an energy-saving condition in activated sludge process. To investigate the possible application of limited filamentous bulking (LFB) in sequencing batch reactor (SBR), two lab-scale SBRs were used to treat synthetic domestic wastewater and real municipal wastewater, respectively. The results showed that prolonging low DO aeration duration and setting pre-anoxic (anaerobic) phase were effective strategies to induce and inhibit filamentous sludge bulking, respectively. According to the sludge settleability, LFB could be maintained steadily by adjusting operation patterns. Filamentous bacteria content and sludge volume index (SVI) were likely correlated. SVI fluctuated dramatically within a few cycles when around 200 mL·g^-1, where altering operation pattern could change sludge settleability in spite of the unstable status of activated sludge system. Energy consumption by aeration reduced under low DO LFB condition, whereas the nitrification performance deteriorated. However, short-cut nitrification and simultaneous nitrification denitrification (SND) were prone to take place under such conditions. When the cycle time kept constant, the anoxic (anaerobic) to aerobic time ratio was determining factor to the SND efficiency. Similarity keeping aerobic time as constant, the variation trends of SND efficiency and specific SND rate were uniform. SBR is a promising reactor to apply the LFB process in practice.     

庚烷池火多火源燃烧特性的实验研究

多火源燃烧是森林火灾和城市群发性火灾中重要而又特殊的火灾现象,相关研究很少。通过恒定控制液面高度的实验系统,对直径0.1m、0.2m和0.4m的庚烷池火在单个火源、两火源燃烧和三火源线性排列时的火焰高度、火焰体积和燃烧速率等特性进行了实验研究。研究发现,三火源燃烧时中间火源的火焰高度、火焰体积和燃烧速率明显高于两火源燃烧和单火源燃烧,三火源燃烧时边上火源与两火源的燃烧状况难以区分。这些燃烧特性随着火源间距的减小,呈现增大趋势。热量反馈增强和空气卷吸受限这两种火源相互作用机制相互耦合,且随着火源间距的减小而增强,在S/D（S为火源间距,D为油池直径）为2～4时,两种机制强烈竞争,在其他参数范围内热量反馈增强效应占主导作用。研究还发现火焰体积与热释放速率有较好的线性相关关系,单位火焰体积的热释放速率约为1614kW/m3。     

通风网络分支风量与风机频率及变频 灵敏度的关系研究

为了定量描述主要通风机变频调风时通风网络风量变化的差异性,推导了分支风量随频率变化的函数关系式,表明分支风量与风机频率呈一次函数关系,依此可以精准高效地进行变频调风,并预判待调分支是否满足调风要求以及对非待调分支风量变化的影响。提出了变频灵敏度的概念,定量地反映了通风网络各分支风量相对于频率变化的敏感程度,其值可用风量与频率函数的斜率表征。通过理论推导可知变频灵敏度与分支风量具有相同的数值分布规律,得出风量越大的分支在变频调风时风量改变量也越大的结论。分析了所述理论对矿井变频调风工作的指导作用,并通过矿井变频调风时的风网解算验证了理论的正确性。     

基于非线性渗流模型采空区漏风流场数值模拟

针对采空区非线性渗流模型中颗粒平均粒径的取值问题,利用专业的流体力学软件fluent对刘庄矿151305工作面采空区不同颗粒粒径下的漏风流场进行了模拟,以此确定合适的平均粒径,并利用该采空区颗粒平均粒径对工作面供风量及采空区漏风的影响进行了模拟与分析。结果表明,采空区内平均粒径的取值对工作面风量分布影响较大,瓦斯抽采负压也相差一个数量级;通过与实测工作面风量及实际的瓦斯抽采负压作对比,当采空区颗粒平均粒径取0.1 m时,模拟结果与现场实际最为吻合;工作面供风量越大,采空区的漏风量也越大,两者为二次函数关系。该研究方法为工作面采空区漏风流场数值模拟提供了理论指导。