Development of an organizational framework for studying dust explosion phenomena

To develop a predictive dust explosion model or theory many considerations of the interaction between several complex multiscale processes are required. Due to practical considerations only some of the processes may be fully resolved, while the rest must be approximated or neglected. The current study focuses on constructing an organizational framework for dust explosion model development. The framework is organized based on progression of the explosion in time and geometric scale of the important features. Suggested methodologies are given to investigate the small-scale features and develop feed-forward approximations for predictive models at the larger system-scale. The concepts developed through constructing the organizational framework are applied to closed volume dust explosion testing and classification of several sources of experimental variance for this system is given.     

风窗对井下通风系统的影响及其调节与定位优化

利用回路阻力平衡关系分析了井下风窗安装前后通风系统中各分支间风流流动关系,提出了某些分支安装风窗后,通风系统各分支的风量对此变化作出反应的分析模型,给出了度量风量和阻力反应敏感性强弱的方法;假定通风系统中某些分支同时安装风窗,在保留风窗的使用对通风系统所带来的正面作用,但要抑制其负面作用的条件下,基于尽可能使所有参与调节的分支的风阻增、减值最小化的原则,提出了指定分支实施调节的调阻调节法和优选分支实施调节的调阻调节法,并建立了相关最优调节模型及其求解方法。结果表明:两种模型可以在风窗安装之前进行解算,解算结果可预知风窗安装后通风系统各分支的风流的分布情况,并确定出相应的调控策略;优选分支调阻调节模型可以用于选择最优的风窗安装位置、数量及风窗阻力,后者可以用于确定风窗窗口面积。     

基于容积率指数和单要素DEA方法的工业用地利用效率区域差异研究

从土地利用无差异比较的角度出发,在阐释土地利用差异性比较的思路后,构建容积率指数(VRI)分析了不同区域工业用地利用强度变化,并消除工业产业结构对不同区域工业用地面积的影响,在此基础上利用单要素DEA方法分析了全国不同区域工业用地利用效率的特征及变化趋势.研究结果表明:VRI高的区域多分布在东南沿海地区,VRI低的区域多分布在中西部地区,并且东部地区VRI呈下降趋势;工业用地面积修正后,工业用地利用效率增大的区域多集中在中西部地区,工业用地利用效率下降的区域主要出现在东南沿海地区;以长江三角洲和珠江三角洲为主的东南沿海经济发达地区工业用地利用效率明显高于中西部地区;变异系数反映出区域间工业用地利用效率的差异程度正在逐渐缩小,工业产出的不均衡程度大于工业用地配置的不均衡程度.     

西藏那曲地区夏季降水中生物冰核的分布特征

于2013年6~10月在高海拔的西藏那曲地区采集雨水样品,共获得6月份和7月份两个有效样品.通过液滴冻结实验,对雨水样品中大于0.22μm的气溶胶颗粒物的冰核活性进行检测,同时对不同处理(原样雨水、滤液、添加蛋白变性剂、加热煮沸)的雨水样品的冻结温度进行检测.结果显示,6月份和7月份原样雨水样品的平均冻结温度分别为-13.3℃和-8.7℃.在-10℃以上,雨水样品中存在对蛋白变性剂和加热敏感的生物冰核,但不同月份雨水中的生物冰核对雨水液滴的冻结所起的贡献不同.7月份雨水样品中的高效生物冰核对液滴在较高温度下冻结起到主要的催化作用,而6月份雨水样品中的生物冰核对液滴冻结未起到显著作用.经0.22μm滤膜过滤的雨水滤液样品中,仍然存在高效生物冰核,但目前尚未确定其主要成分.通过对雨水样品中细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌rRNA内转录间隔区及5.8S rRNA的ITS1-5.8S-ITS2基因进行克隆测序分析,获得西藏那曲地区夏季6月份和7月份雨水样品中细菌和真菌的群落组成.发现微生物群落组成中包含了具有高效生物冰核活性的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)细菌和镰刀菌属(Fusarium)真菌.     

泡沫除尘技术的研究与应用

分析了泡沫除尘机理和泡沫除尘剂配方的要求，通过相似模型实验研究确定了泡沫发生器的结构和性能。研究表明，在给定发泡网材质形状和喷雾方式下，有一个最优的发泡网风速、供液量和泡沫液浓度。泡沫除尘技术在实际中其应用范围很广，对呼吸性粉尘除尘效率高     

冰力作用下穿越河流输水管线的可靠性分析

针对我国北方河冰灾害情况,分析了冰力作用下穿越河流输水管道的受力情况,研究了其失效模式,提出了冰荷载的计算模型;在此基础上,建立了输水管道在冰荷载作用下安全裕度方程,提出了冰力作用下输水管线可靠性的计算方法,并结合实际计算,验证了方法的适用性.     

A COMPARISON OF GEOSTATISTICAL METHODOLOGIES USED TO ESTIMATE SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT1

ABSTRACT: The need to monitor and forecast water resources accurately, particularly in the western United States, is becoming increasingly critical as the demand for water continues to escalate. Consequently, the National Weather Service (NWS) has developed a geostatistical model that is used to obtain areal estimates of snow water equivalent (the thtal water content in all phases of the snowpack), a major source of water in the West. The areal snow water equivalent estimates are used to update the hydrologic simulation models maintained by the NWS and designed to produce extended streamflow forecasts for river systems throughout the United States. An alternative geostatistical technique has been proposed to estimate snow water equivalent. In this research, we describe the two methodologies and compare the accuracy of the estimates produced by each technique. We illustrate their application and compare their estimation accuracy using snow data collected in the North Fork Clearwater River basin in Idaho.     

SNOWPACK CHANGES RESULTING FROM TIMBER HARVEST INTERCEPTION,REDISTRIBUTION, AND EVAPORATION1

ABSTRACT: Three processes were examined as causing snowpack changes in forest clearings. Two of the three contribute to increases and one counteracts by reducing snowpack. The two that increase snowpack are redistribution and decreased loss to interception. Snow evaporation from a clearing counteracts snowpack increases. Research has indicated that as vegetation density increases, so too does the loss to interception. As snow in the canopy reaches the limit that the canopy can hold (the threshold amount) evaporation increases. Aerodynamics of the forest canopy were studied as well. As timber is cut, wind patterns are disturbed, creating disruptions in the wind velocity gradient depositing snow in openings. This redistribution leads to an increased snow water equivalent and augments runoff. Snow evaporation was shown to increase proportionally with opening size. Evaporation offsets the water yield gains derived from forest cut. It was found that this offset is inclusive to the measurements of water yield changes in experimental forests. An optimal size of harvest block may be five tree heights in width as suggested by numerous studies.     

PRODUCTION PROCESSES UNDER THE ICE IN LAKE ST. CLAIR II. NUTRIENTS (SILICATE) AS A LIMITING FACTOR1

ABSTRACT: During the winter of 1972 nutrient concentrations beneath the ice, and snow when present, were measured at three stations in Lake St. Clair. Nutrient patterns are compared and discussed in relation to primary production. Typically nutrient concentrations were high for a few weeks after ice formation and high again in the spring with mid-winter declines. At station 3 soluble reactive silica appeared to influence primary production and chlorophyll a. Nutrient limitation was not detected at the other two stations. The nutrient patterns, primary production and temperature provide evidence that a water mass or plume peculiar to the inflowing Thames River moves down the southeastern side of the lake beneath the ice.     

交通运输生命线灾害经济效益损失计算

生命线灾害的经济损失分为财产损失、救灾费用和效益损失;每种经济损失又分为企业经济损失和社会经济损失。文章提出了交通运输生命线灾害社会效益损失的计算方法,给出了灾害造成的运输费用和运输时间增加等１５个项目的计算内容和计算公式;计算中分别考虑了正常运输量、外部转移运输量、内部分流运输量、诱发运输量等损失变化所造成的社会经济效益损失。