防毒面具用活性炭的结构与特性研究

从研究活性炭所具有的孔隙结构出发,重点探讨防毒面具用活性炭的结构与防护性能的关系,明确了不同结构特性的活性炭对不同类型有毒气体防护机理与性能的差异,为科学选择防毒面具用活性炭提供了重要依据。文章还对体现活性炭孔隙结构的主要指标——孔容积的计算方法进行了探讨。     

应用膜生物反应器处理药酒废水的启动试验初探

为了推广膜生物反应器在实际工程中的应用,对平板式膜生物反应器处理药酒厂废水时的启动方式展开探讨。试验采用了三种方式,结果表明通过膜出水,逐渐提高容积负荷的方式,不仅启动最快,而且膜污染较轻,是一种简洁、可行的启动方式。     

SENSITIVITY CONSIDERATIONS WHEN MODELING HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES WITH DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the sensitivity of a hydrologic models to the type of DEM used. This was done while modeling basin water quality with 1:24,000 and 1:250,000 U.S. Geological Survey DEMs as input to model hydro‐logical processes. The manner in which the model results were sensitive to the choice of raster cell size (scale) is investigated in this study. The Broadhead watershed, located in New Jersey, USA, was chosen as a study area. Curve numbers were estimated by a trial and error to match simulated and observed total discharge. Monthly runoff for the watershed was used in the calibration process. Higher runoff volumes were simulated by the model when the 1:24,000 DEM were used as input data, probably due to the finer resolution which simulated increased average slope and hence higher estimated runoff from the watershed. As the simulated slope of the watershed is flatten with the 1:250,000 DEM, the response of stream flow was delayed and simulated less runoff volume.     

宜昌市东山运河微塑料污染评估及年排放量估算

微塑料作为一种新兴的污染物受到世界的广泛关注.城市是微塑料污染产生的重点区域,而城市水体则是微塑料向其他淡水环境传输的重要载体.以宜昌市城区东山运河为研究对象,于2022年7月和10月分别通过现场采样、显微镜观察和傅里叶红外光谱测定等方法,鉴定和分析了东山运河水体中微塑料的赋存特征和潜在污染来源,并依据风险指数（H）、污染负荷指数（PLI）模型和比例流量法定量评估了水体中微塑料的生态风险和年排放量.结果表明,东山运河表层水中微塑料的平均丰度为（7 295±1 051） n·m^-3（7月）和（5 145±762.6） n·m^-3（10月）;其中,纤维状（27.63%~63.23%）、尺寸<0.5 mm（75.68%~96.2%）和彩色（22.73%~61.83%）的微塑料占据主导地位,材质以PE（30.1%）和PET（26.33%）为主;两种模型的评估结果显示,东山运河生态风险指数属于Ⅲ类,总体污染负荷属于Ⅰ类,部分点位污染负荷达Ⅱ类;通过估算得出东山运河每年向长江输送微塑料约3.37 t.总体而言,宜昌市东山运河微塑料污染程度属于中等,其污染来源可能是洗衣废水、个人护理产品和塑料废弃物等.     

污泥减容的关键技术—剩余活性污泥的气浮浓缩法

研究了溶气气浮法用于浓缩城市污水处理厂剩余活性污泥的工艺设计参数,并将它与传统的重力浓缩法相比较。通过小试及中试研究结果表明,在相同的进泥条件下（进泥浓度为2～4g/L）,采用气浮浓缩法获得的污泥含固率为3.5％～3.9％,而重力浓缩法仅为1.2％～2.5％;并且气浮浓缩法的水力负荷、固体负荷高达150～200m3/m2·d、350～450kg/m2·d,而重力浓缩法仅为10～15m3/m2·d、20～50ks/m2·d。研究结果还表明：剩余活性污泥的气浮浓缩法相比于重力浓缩法具有浓缩效果好、运行效率高等优点,另外对两种方法的经济技术分析也表明,气浮浓缩法更具有优越性。     

曝气池容积计算方法分析

文中对曝气池容积的计算方法———BOD5污泥负荷率法与污泥龄法进行了分析。这两种方法实质上是属于同一个公式 ,只是考虑的角度不同而引入的两个不同概念。如能将考虑的角度有机地结合 ,将使曝气池容积的设计计算更趋合理。     

Choice of a Denominator for Occupational Injury Rates A Study of the Development of a Swedish Iron-Ore Mine

This study is concerned with the longitudinal representation of injury risk obtained using alternative injury-rate denominators—hours worked and production volume. It investigates injury risks at the underground extraction phase in a Swedish iron-ore mine. Six stages of mining development are defined, and three risk measures are employed: average injury rates (AIRs) by stage, injury rate ratios (IRRs) by stage, and annual injury rates (AnIRs). The two denominators give a quite different representation of injury risk at the early stages of the development of the mine, but tend increasingly to provide a similar picture (similar ratios) at later stages. It is concluded that automated production processes, as opposed to mechanized ones, tend to make hours worked and production volume interchangeable denominators. Choice of appropriate denominator may depend upon whether the individual or the production process is in focus.     

武汉市巡司河中抗生素分布特征及生态风险评价

采用大体积直接进样—超高效液相色谱串联质谱法分析武汉市巡司河中45种抗生素的存在水平,评估其可能存在的生态风险。在巡司河布设6个采样点,于2022年12月—2023年5月进行采样并分析。结果显示,6个采样点共检出27种抗生素,检出最大质量浓度为874.2 ng/L;其中,氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星检出率均为100%。监测期间,12月抗生素平均质量浓度最高（101.05 ng/L）,4月最低（25.87 ng/L）。6个点位中,点位S3与S5抗生素平均质量浓度高于其他点位,分别为1 721.20和1 734.07 ng/L;点位S4是巡司河与长江的交汇处,抗生素平均质量浓度最低（94.54 ng/L）。利用风险商值法对巡司河中抗生素生态风险开展评价,结果表明：氧氟沙星、罗红霉素和克拉霉素呈现出较高风险,左氧氟沙星、林可霉素和莫西沙星在大多数点位处于中等风险,其余几种抗生素风险较低。     

Cold comfort: Arctic seabirds find refugia from climate change and potential competition in marginal ice zones and fjords

Climate change alters species distributions by shifting their fundamental niche in space through time. Such effects may be exacerbated by increased inter-specific competition if climate alters species dominance where competitor ranges overlap. This study used census data, telemetry and stable isotopes to examine the population and foraging ecology of a pair of Arctic and temperate congeners across an extensive zone of sympatry in Iceland, where sea temperatures varied substantially. The abundance of Arctic Brünnich’s guillemot Uria lomvia declined with sea temperature. Accessibility of refugia in cold water currents or fjords helped support higher numbers and reduce rates of population decline. Competition with temperate Common guillemots Uria aalge did not affect abundance, but similarities in foraging ecology were sufficient to cause competition when resources are limiting. Continued warming is likely to lead to further declines of Brünnich’s guillemot, with implications for conservation status and ecosystem services.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01650-7.     

灌溉后通气对盆栽番茄土壤酶活性的影响

为改善作物根系生长环境,采用空气压缩机控制盆栽番茄供气,研究了不同水、气条件对土壤酶活性及盆栽番茄生长的影响。研究结果表明:土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和脱氢酶活性在番茄生育期内均呈先增大后减小的变化趋势;不同水分条件下通气处理均能提高过氧化氢酶、脲酶和脱氢酶活性,但以80%田间持水量、通气量系数为0.8组合时效果最好;番茄产量与植株干物质积累在该组合下也达到最高值。说明80%田间持水量、通气量系数为0.8组合可改善番茄根际土壤气体环境,提高酶活性,促进植株生长,提高果实产量。