黑龙江上游“冰坝”灾害分析及预报系统

黑龙江上游经常形成“冰坝”。本文分析了冰坝形成原因，建立了气象、水文、冰情等要素的数据库；通过对冰坝与各相关要素的关系分析，建立了冰坝中长期预报系统的数学模型，为“冰坝”中长期预报和减轻冰坝灾害提供了科学依据和有效方法。     

Levels of Lead in Urban Soils from Selected Cities in a Central Region of the Philippines (7 pp)

Background Aims, and Scope. Lead (Pb) is a naturally occurring element that poses environmental hazards when present at elevated concentration. It is being released into the environment because of industrial uses and from the combustion of fossil fuels. Hence, Pb is ubiquitous throughout global ecosystems. The existence of potentially harmful concentrations of Pb in the environment must be given full attention. Emissions from vehicles are major source of environmental contamination by Pb. Thus, it becomes imperative that concentrations of Pb and other hazardous materials in the environment not only in the Philippines, but elsewhere in the world be adequately examined in order that development of regulations and standards to minimize risk associated with these materials in urban areas is continued. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the levels of Pb in soil from selected urbanized cities in central region of the Philippines; (2) to identify areas with soil Pb concentration values that exceed estimated natural concentrations and allowable limits; and (3) to determine the possible sources that contribute to elevated soil Pb concentration (if any) in the study area. Methods This study was limited to the determination of Pb levels in soils of selected urbanized cities located in central region in the Philippines, namely: Site 1 – Tarlac City in Tarlac; Site 2 – Cabanatuan City in Nueva Ecija; Site 3 – Malolos City in Bulacan; Site 4 – San Fernando City in Pampanga; Site 5 – Balanga City in Bataan; and Site 6 – Olongapo City in Zambales. Soil samples were collected from areas along major thoroughfares regularly traversed by tricycles, passenger jeepneys, cars, vans, trucks, buses, and other motor vehicles. Soil samples were collected from five sampling sites in each of the study areas. Samples from the selected sampling sites were obtained approximately 2 to 3 meters from the road. Analysis of the soil samples for Pb content was conducted using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was conducted from 2003 to 2004. Since this study assumed that vehicular emission is the major source of Pb contamination in urban soil, other information which the researchers deemed to have bearing on the study were obtained such as relative quantity of each gasoline type disposed of in each city within a given period and volume of traffic in each sampling site. A survey questionnaire for gasoline station managers was prepared to determine the relative quantity of each fuel type (diesel, regular gasoline, premium gasoline, and unleaded gasoline) disposed of or sold within a given period in each study area. Results and Discussion Analysis of soil samples for Pb content showed the presence of Pb in all the soil samples collected from the 30 sampling sites in the six cities at varying concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 251 mg kg–1. Elevated levels of Pb in soil (i.e. greater than 25 mg kg–1 Pb) were detected in five out of the six cities investigated. Site 4 recorded the highest Pb concentration (73.9 ± 94.4 mg kg–1), followed by Site 6 (56.3 ± 17.1 mg kg–1), Site 3 (52.0 ± 33.1 mg kg–1), Site 5 (39.3 ± 19.0 mg kg–1), and Site 2 (38.4 ± 33.2 mg kg–1). Soil Pb concentration in Site 1 (16.8 ± 12.2 mg kg–1) was found to be within the estimated natural concentration range of 5 to 25 mg kg–1. Site 1 registered the least Pb concentration. Nonetheless, the average Pb concentration in the soil samples from the six cities studied were all found to be below the maximum tolerable limit according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The high Pb concentration in Site 4 may be attributed mainly to vehicular emission. Although Site 4 only ranked 3rd in total volume of vehicles, it has the greatest number of Type B and Type C vehicles combined. Included in these categories are diesel trucks, buses, and jeepneys which are considered the largest contributors of TSP (total suspended particles) and PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 microns) emissions. Conclusion Only one (San Juan in Site 4) of the thirty sampling sites recorded a Pb concentration beyond the WHO permissible limit of 100 mg kg–1. San Juan in Site 4 had a Pb concentration of >250 mg kg–1. On the average, elevated Pb concentration was evident in the soil samples from San Fernando, Olongapo, Malolos, Balanga, and Cabanatuan. The average soil Pb concentrations in these cities exceeded the maximum estimated natural soil Pb concentration of 25 mg kg–1. Average soil Pb concentration in Site 1 (16.8 mg kg–1) was well within the estimated natural concentration range of 5 to 25 mg kg–1. Data gathered from the study areas showed that elevated levels of Pb in soil were due primarily to vehicular emissions and partly to igneous activity. Recommendation and Outlook The findings of this study presented a preliminary survey on the extent of Pb contamination of soils in urban cities in central region of Philippines Island. With this kind of information on hand, government should develop a comprehensive environmental management strategy to address vehicular air pollution in urban areas, which shows as one of the most pressing environmental problems in the country. Basic to this is the continuous monitoring of Pb levels and other pollutants in air, soil, and water. Further studies should be conducted to monitor soil Pb levels in the six cities studied particularly in areas with elevated Pb concentration. The potential for harm from Pb exposure cannot be understated. Of particular concern are children who are more predisposed to Pb toxicity than adults. Phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated sites is strongly recommended to reduce Pb concentration in soil. Several studies have confirmed that plants are capable of absorbing extra Pb from soil and that some plants, grass species in particular, and can naturally absorb far more Pb than others.     

WATERSHED RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE AT GLACIER NATIONAL PARK1

ABSTRACT: We have developed an approach which examines ecosystem function and the potential effects of climatic shifts. The Lake McDonald watershed of Glacier National Park was the focus for two linked research activities: acquisition of baseline data on hydrologic, chemical and aquatic organism attributes that characterize this pristine northern rocky mountain watershed, and further developing the Regional Hydro-Ecosystem Simulation System (RHESSys), a collection of integrated models which collectively provide spatially explicit, mechanistically-derived outputs of ecosystem processes, including hydrologic outflow, soil moisture, and snow-pack water equivalence. In this unique setting field validation of RHESSys, outputs demonstrated that reasonable estimates of SWE and streamflow are being produced. RHESSys was used to predict annual stream discharge and temperature. The predictions, in conjunction with the field data, indicated that aquatic resources of the park may be significantly affected. Utilizing RHESSys to predict potential climate scenarios and response of other key ecosystem components can provide scientific insights as well as proactive guidelines for national park management.     

Photodegradation of halobenzenes in water ice

Results from the photolysis of o, p-dichlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and p-dibromobenzene in water ice are reported. All phototransformations appeared to be based on dehalogenation, coupling, and rearrangement reactions in ice cavities. No photosolvolysis products, i.e. products from intermolecular reactions between organic and water molecules, were found. Many of the products were very toxic substances of a high environmental risk, such as PCBs. The results support our model, in which secondary, very toxic, pollutants can be formed in ice, snow, and atmospheric ice particles from primary pollutants through the action of solar irradiation. The photoproducts may be released to the environment by ice melting and evaporation.     

黄土丘陵区典型植被枯落物坡面分布及混入土壤对土壤性状的影响

黄土丘陵区植被的恢复可能影响枯落物分布特征,进而对土壤性状产生影响。论文选取刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）人工林、柠条（Caragana intermedia）人工林、铁杆蒿（Artemisia gmelini）群落和白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemum）群落4种典型植被样地,研究其枯落物坡面（坡长40~80 m）分布特征及自然条件混入土壤中对土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明：1）4种典型植被样地地表枯落物蓄积量（143.89~833.04 g/m²）、盖度（0.36~0.63）和厚度（0.77~2.03 cm）均表现为刺槐人工林>柠条人工林>铁杆蒿群落>白羊草群落;土壤中枯落物混入量（178.80~657.21 g/m²）和混入深度（1.33~2.29 cm）均表现为刺槐人工林>铁杆蒿群落>柠条人工林>白羊草群落;土壤中枯落物混入量占枯落物总蓄积量的比例（45.91%~74.02%）表现为铁杆蒿群落>柠条人工林>白羊草群落>刺槐人工林。2）4种典型植被样地地表枯落物蓄积量和土壤中枯落物混入量均为坡下高于坡上,受径流冲刷和泥沙分离—输移—沉积过程的影响,枯落物地表蓄积量和土壤混入量在坡中波动较大;随枯落物地表盖度的增加,地表枯落物蓄积量呈指数函数增加（P<0.01）,且随地表枯落物蓄积量的增加,土壤中枯落物混入量呈对数函数增加（P<0.01）。3）土壤容重、粘结力和水稳性团聚体几何平均直径（WAS-GMD）随土壤中枯落物混入量的增大而线性降低（P<0.01）,土壤有机碳和全氮含量在铁杆蒿群落和白羊草群落中均随土壤中枯落物混入量的增大而线性增加（P<0.05）。该研究将为评价黄土高原退耕还林还（草）工程生态成效、修正土壤侵蚀预报模型提供重要依据。     

冈底斯中段冷布岗日嘎尔琼沟MIS3以来冰川重建及其平衡线高程估算

冰川与全球气候变化、水资源保护等有着密切关系。根据前人测得的嘎尔琼沟冰碛物¹⁰Be暴露年龄,以及冰川塑性流动理论重建深海氧同位素3阶段（MIS3）以来12次冰进期古冰川表面高程和厚度分布,并分别运用积累区面积比率法（accumulation area ratio,AAR）和面积-高程平衡率法（area altitude balance ratio,AABR）重新估算各期冰川作用的平衡线高程（equilibrium-line altitude,ELA）。结果显示：（1）该冰川面积从MIS3时期的18 km²减少为现在的7.5 km²,小冰期（Little Ice Age,LIA）以来锐减;（2）冰川体积从MIS3时期的1.909 km³减少为现在的0.703 km³,缩减1.206 km³;（3）ELA自MIS3以来上升296 m或227 m,MIS2早期以来上升220 m或178 m,末次冰盛期（Last Glacial Maximum,LGM）以来上升206 m或169 m,早全新世以来上升169 m或144 m,新冰期以来上升113 m或108 m,LIA以来上升79 m或85 m。通过区域对比发现,从30 ka BP开始,青藏高原总体上趋向干旱化,嘎尔琼沟冰进规模逐次减小是对干旱化气候背景的响应。新冰期研究区冰川萎缩速度加快,可能与青藏高原季风在同时期的显著减弱有关。     

Mineralogy of Atmospheric Suspended Dust in Three Indoor And One Outdoor Location in Oman

The aim of this work is to characterize the mineral phases present in the atmosphere at three locations in northern Oman. Samples of atmospheric particles were collected using a high volume sampler. Three indoor and one outdoor location were chosen in this investigation. Sampling locations included a residential house located nearby the cement plant, a residential house located nearby a refinery plant, and a residential house located at Al-Suwayq residential area. Indoor air was sampled from these three houses. Moreover, for the Al-Suwayq residential house, sampling was also taken outside the house for comparison. The dust samples were analysed for their microanalysis characterization and their mineral contents as well. The microanalysis enabled us to identify the metals present in the particles. Furthermore, the mineralogical analysis of the sample filters showed the presence of quartz as the principal phase inside the house of Al-Suwayq, whereas quartz, dolomite, and gypsum were common phases outside the house. In the residential house nearby the cement plant, it was found that calcite, quartz, dolomite and goethite were the principal phases whereas the particles collected from the house nearby the refinery composed primarily of dolomite and calcite. The airborne dust collected at the refinery and Al-Suwayq were probably sourced in the natural environment and mobilised by natural processes. However, at the cement factory the crushing and grinding of limestone during the industrial process has contributed significantly to the airborne dust load. Generally, the information obtained in this study will be invaluable as no data for the mineral content of atmospheric dust existed in the Oman.     

蒸馏体积100ml测定水中氰化物探讨

实验表明，水中氰化物测定，蒸馏体积１００ｍｌ即能达到环境监测技术要求，与标准方法规定蒸馏体积２００ｍｌ相比，可提高工效、节约用电和节省试剂。     

Ecotoxicological Characterisation and Classification of Existing Chemicals

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: In 1998, the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) launched a global initiative to investigate more than 1,000 HPV chemicals (High Production Volume, > or = 1,000 t/a) within the refocused OECD HPV Chemicals Programme. Up to the OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Meeting in April 2004 (SIAM 18) 147 ICCA dossiers (ca. 230 CAS-No) have been assessed based on a harmonised data set. The environmental profile and an ecotoxicological characterisation of these chemicals are presented here. Data for acute aquatic toxicity were correlated among each other, as well as data for fish (LC50, LD50) and rodents (LD50). The data for acute aquatic toxicity are compared with other existing chemicals. METHODS: Data of the ICCA HPV chemicals from the OECD SIAM 11-18 are presented for: log Kow (as an indicator for bioaccumulation potential), biodegradation, acute aquatic toxicity and availability of long-term toxicity data. Correlation analysis was performed with log transformed data and a linear regression model was fitted to the data, if a significant correlation was found. Acute toxicity for fish and acute oral toxicity for rodents were correlated on a molar basis. Acute aquatic toxicity of the chemicals is compared with data from BUA reports 1-234 and a random EINECS sample (Knacker et al. 1995). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: According to the dossier information, 71 of the 147 ICCA chemicals are not 'readily biodegradable', 21 have a log Kow > or = 3, and 44 are 'toxic' (LC/EC50 < or = 10 mg/L) or 'very toxic' (LC/EC50 < or = 1 mg/L) to aquatic organisms. For 77, only the base set (acute fish, Daphnia and algae) is available, for the rest at least one long-term test (fish or Daphnia) is available and three tests for a mere 14 others. Based on the data presented, the SIAM gives recommendations for Environment and Human Health. 22 chemicals have been identified as a 'candidate for further work' for Environment and 16 for Human Health. The highest correlation coefficient was obtained correlating fish and Daphnia (r2 = 0.79). LC50 (fish) is significantly correlated with LD50 (rodent), but data are widely scattered. The correlation is not improved after transforming LC50 (fish) to LD50 (fish), using BCF QSAR. Based on acute aquatic toxicity, 25.1% of the chemicals from the BUA reports 1-234 are classified as 'very toxic' (LC/EC50 < or = 1 mg/L). This proportion is 2.5-fold higher than the ICCA HPV chemicals and 1.4-fold higher than the random EINECS sample. CONCLUSIONS: Correlation coefficients for aquatic toxicity data are rather uniform (0.57-0.79) compared with literature data, but also the best correlation was observed between fish and Daphnia. Because the scatter around the regression lines is still considerable, simple predictions of ecotoxicity between species are not possible. Correlation of LC50 (fish) and LD50 (rodent) indicates that toxicity is different. Surprisingly, the correlation of fish and rodent toxicity is not improved by transforming LC50 values to internal LD50s. The selection of ICCA chemicals by market significance (production volume) leads to a classification of toxicity, which is more comparable to a random sample of EINECS chemicals than to German BUA chemicals. The latter were chosen for concern (for Environment or Human Health). RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Of 147 dossiers assessed between SIAM 11-18, ca. 75% were sponsored by the three following countries: Germany (42), USA (37) and Japan (33). The current output is about 50 dossiers per year (70-100 CAS-No), but a trend for an increase of output is noticeable. Industry, national authorities, and OECD work on a further development to speed up the output. The number of chemicals with 'low priority for further work' and the work recommended for the 'candidates' (mainly exposure assessment) indicate that the data presented were adequate for an initial hazard assessment according to OECD requirements. From the ICCA HPV list (n = 880, state of 1999) 44% of the chemicals have data available to cover all SIDS endpoints for Environment and only 33% for Human Health (Allanou et al. 1999). This indicates the importance of the Initiative to provide information on existing chemicals. The authors agree with the expectation "...that the scientific information provided by this global initiative will be considered as an internationally accepted and harmonised basis for further steps of chemicals management." (ICCA 2002 b).