帕米尔高原冰川流域碎屑颗粒的铀同位素组成及其对沉积物搬运的指示

铀(U)同位素作为一种新的地球化学示踪手段,被逐渐用于研究陆地和海洋沉积物的搬运过程。然而,这一新技术能否有效指示不同环境中各类沉积物的搬运还需更多流域数据的支持。本文选取位于帕米尔高原东北部具有显著海拔梯度和气候差异的盖孜河冰川流域作为研究对象,通过该流域河流沉积物细颗粒中的U同位素的活度比((~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR))的空间变化,探索U同位素指示内陆冰川流域沉积物搬运的可行性。流域内河流沉积物的矿物组成以石英和长石(占51%—77%)为主,表明较弱的风化作用。流域内受冰川侵蚀控制的上游山区支流康西瓦河和木吉河沉积物的(~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR)范围分别是0.990—1.017和0.988—1.009,盖孜河中下游段河流沉积物的(~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR)则为0.913—0.997。从上游山区至中下游段显示了一个明显的下降趋势,指示了沉积物搬运过程中(~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR)的确发生了系统的变化。然而,盖孜河流域碎屑颗粒比表面积和分形维数计算得到的反冲损失参数太低,未能利用U同位素破碎年龄模型获得合理的沉积物搬运时间,该模型如何用到冰川流域尚需更多的研究工作。     

1980-2007年喜马拉雅东段洛扎地区冰湖变化遥感研究

利用1980年地形图、1988/1990年Landsat TM、2000年Landsat ETM+、2007年ALOS AVNIR-2遥感资料和近42 a (1967-2008年)的气温、降水量资料对喜马拉雅东段洛扎地区的冰湖变化特征及其原因进行了研究。 结果表明:①1980年到2007年,53个冰湖(1980年面积大于0.02 km²)的总面积由1980年的9.97 km²增加至2007年的13.05 km²,增加了3.08 km²,增加的比例为30.9%。通过与非冰川补给湖的对比发现,1980年的冰湖面积比非冰川补给湖的面积大,分布的规模等级和海拔梯度更为广泛;1980-2007年冰湖面积扩张是非冰川补给湖面积扩张的102.7倍,远大于后者。可见,冰川补给对于冰湖的分布和变化有重要的影响。②1980-2007年,错那站的年平均气温呈波动上升趋势,与全球变暖的趋势一致;年降水量在波动变化中略有上升。温度升高引起的冰川融水的增加和降水的增加共同决定了研究区内冰湖面积的增长。本区冰川变化和冰湖变化主要是由温度升高引起的,但降水增加也有一定贡献。③对研究区2007年面积大于0.1 km²的32个可辨识冰湖的溃决危险性评价表明,错嘎龙浦、加朗卡、昂格错、白朗错几个冰湖的溃决危险程度最大。     

国内外冰川变化对水资源影响研究进展

冰川是重要的淡水资源,其变化不仅对高山及周边地区水资源有重要影响,而且还是影响海平面上升的重要因素,从而成为人们关注的焦点。论文总结了国内外相关研究进展,讨论了研究中存在的主要问题,认为国内的研究范围与深入程度与国外相比仍存在很大差距,突出表现在冰川融化对水资源影响的作用过程与机理研究很少,预测模型在种类、概念框架及技术手段等方面发展滞后。未来西部冰川水资源变化的社会经济与环境影响是西部大开发必须考虑的内容,因此急需加强相关监测与研究。     

Sorption of chlorinated solvents and degradation products on natural clayey tills

The sorption of chlorinated solvents and degradation products on seven natural clayey till samples from three contaminated sites was investigated by laboratory batch experiments in order to obtain reliable sorption coefficients (K_d values). The sorption isotherms for all compounds were nearly linear, but fitted by Freundlich isotherms slightly better over the entire concentration range. For chloroethylenes, tetrachloroethylene (PCE) was most strongly sorbed to the clayey till samples (K_d = 0.84-2.45 L kg⁻¹), followed by trichloroethylene (TCE, K_d = 0.62-0.96 L kg⁻¹), cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE, K_d = 0.17-0.82 L kg⁻¹) and vinyl chloride (VC, K_d = 0.12-0.36 L kg⁻¹). For chloroethanes, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) was most strongly sorbed (K_d = 0.2-0.45 L kg⁻¹), followed by 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA, K_d = 0.16-0.24 L kg⁻¹) and chloroethane (CA, K_d = 0.12-0.18 L kg⁻¹). This is consistent with the order of hydrophobicity of the compounds. The octanol-water coefficient (log K_ow) correlated slightly better with log K_d values than log K_oc values indicating that the K_d values may be independent of the actual organic carbon content (f_oc). The estimated log K_oc or log K_d for chlorinated solvents and degradation products determined by regression of data in this study were significantly higher than values determined by previously published empirical relationships. The site specific K_d values as well as the new empirical relationship compared well with calculations on water and soil core concentration for cis-DCE and VC from the Rugårdsvej site. In conclusion, this study with a wide range of chlorinated ethenes and ethanes - in line with previous studies on PCE and TCE - suggest that sorption in clayey tills could be higher than typically expected.     

继承性宇生核素在冰川地貌暴露测年中的研究进展

原地生成宇宙成因核素（in situ terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide,TCN）暴露测年技术已被广泛应用于全球冰川地貌的年代测定中。继承性核素（inheritance,核素残留）作为影响TCN暴露测年的重要因素之一,一直以来受到许多学者的关注。然而,继承性核素对暴露测年结果有无影响、影响程度有多大还存在争论。梳理该方面的研究将有助于进一步了解继承性宇生核素对TCN暴露测年的影响,进而提高测年的精确性。基于此,整理了2009—2017年共计54篇全球关于第四纪冰川宇生核素继承性文献,简述继承性核素的产生背景和研究进展,重点探讨核素残留对TCN暴露测年的影响程度以及在实际应用中如何降低其对测年数据的影响。结果表明：继承性核素会导致冰碛物出现异常老化和分散的暴露年龄,可通过选取合适的地貌部位及多样化的抽样和多样品方法,也可尝试采集现代冰川冰碛物定量化研究继承性核素的影响。     

People's risk perception of glacial lake outburst flooding: a case of Tsho Rolpa Lake,Nepal

Previous research indicates that people's perception of risk from a particular hazard positively influences their adoption of effective mitigation strategies and responses. This research investigates the risk perceptions of people living downstream from Tsho Rolpa Glacial Lake of Nepal. Field surveys revealed that people living beneath the Tsho Rolpa glacial lake possess a low risk perception despite the probability of a glacial lake outburst at their location. Further investigation reveals that many individuals have made no adjustments in response to the potential disaster. The low risk perception on the part of the riverine population is chiefly attributed to the cry-wolf effect of the 1997 evacuation that followed an inaccurate prediction of a Tsho Rolpa outburst. Previous remediation structures were kept in place, but appear to have created a false sense of security among those at risk. This overconfidence in the rudimentary efforts employed thus far is illustrated by the fact that many residents have moved their infrastructure even closer to the river channel in recent years. Partial mitigation efforts have muted people's perceptions of the environmental risk and have therefore increased the vulnerability of the communities to a probable outburst flood.     

吐鲁番盆地更新世古气候变化研究

目前,对吐鲁番盆地更新世气候变化的研究几乎是空白。本文通过对吐鲁番盆地早、中、晚更新世典型剖面的孢粉进行分析研究,得出了其在更新世的古气候变化概况。研究结果表明：（1）吐鲁番盆地在早更新世的温度较低。（2）吐鲁番盆地在中更新世出现过干冷气候,直到中更新世后期才有所缓和。（3）吐鲁番盆地在晚更新世有较大的气候波动。此外,文中还将所得结果与天山的冰期进行了对比分析。     

冈底斯中段冷布岗日嘎尔琼沟MIS3以来冰川重建及其平衡线高程估算

冰川与全球气候变化、水资源保护等有着密切关系。根据前人测得的嘎尔琼沟冰碛物¹⁰Be暴露年龄,以及冰川塑性流动理论重建深海氧同位素3阶段（MIS3）以来12次冰进期古冰川表面高程和厚度分布,并分别运用积累区面积比率法（accumulation area ratio,AAR）和面积-高程平衡率法（area altitude balance ratio,AABR）重新估算各期冰川作用的平衡线高程（equilibrium-line altitude,ELA）。结果显示：（1）该冰川面积从MIS3时期的18 km²减少为现在的7.5 km²,小冰期（Little Ice Age,LIA）以来锐减;（2）冰川体积从MIS3时期的1.909 km³减少为现在的0.703 km³,缩减1.206 km³;（3）ELA自MIS3以来上升296 m或227 m,MIS2早期以来上升220 m或178 m,末次冰盛期（Last Glacial Maximum,LGM）以来上升206 m或169 m,早全新世以来上升169 m或144 m,新冰期以来上升113 m或108 m,LIA以来上升79 m或85 m。通过区域对比发现,从30 ka BP开始,青藏高原总体上趋向干旱化,嘎尔琼沟冰进规模逐次减小是对干旱化气候背景的响应。新冰期研究区冰川萎缩速度加快,可能与青藏高原季风在同时期的显著减弱有关。     

Mitochondrial DNA variation pattern and postglacial history of the Siberian larch (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix sibirica</Emphasis> Ledeb.)

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation has been studied in populations of the Siberian larch with the use of five PCR-based markers characterizing 29 haplotypes. The studied populations from the main parts of the Siberian larch range belong to several geographically isolated groups with their specific sets of haplotypes, which have probably originated from separate refugia for forest vegetation of the last glacial maximum. Conclusions concerning the possible location of these refugia and the ways and pattern of the postglacial recolonization of the recent Siberian larch range are drawn. The spatial distribution of haplotypes within individual populations is nonrandom. The typical size of the area occupied by a group of plants with the same haplotype is 50–100 m across.