1973-2018年布喀达坂峰地区前进冰川遥感监测

冰川跃动是冰川动力不稳定性的表现,影响着全球约1%的冰川。基于1973-2018年208景Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像,对布喀达坂峰地区不同时期前进冰川进行遥感识别。结果表明：（1）1973-2018年布喀达坂峰地区共有7条冰川发生过前进,其中冰川末端快速退缩型冰川有3条,冰川末端波动前进型和冰川末端稳定型冰川各有2条。莫诺马哈冰川和5Y542H0020冰川可能为跃动冰川,且前者正处于跃动阶。（2）近45年间布喀达坂峰地区7条冰川共出现过25次前进现象,各条冰川发生前进次数均多于（含）2次;前进冰川发生时间主要集中于2000s（7次）和1970s（6次）。该地区冰川在各月份均发生过前进现象,推断该地区前进冰川属斯瓦尔巴型。布喀达坂峰地区冰川前进无明显规律,大多数冰川两次前进时间间隔为10年左右。（3）布喀达坂峰地区冰川前进可能受热控和水控机理共同作用,单一的气候变化尚难以解释其变化机理。     

青藏高原内陆典型冰川区"冰川-径流"汞传输过程

为研究青藏高原内陆典型冰川区"冰川-径流"汞输送过程,于2011年8月15日~9月9日对青藏高原内陆念青唐古拉山脉扎当冰川-曲嘎切流域内雪坑、冰川融水以及径流进行了采样,检测了不同环境介质中汞浓度,并分析了不同介质中汞的控制因素及输送过程.结果表明,扎当冰川-曲嘎切流域内雪坑、冰川融水以及曲嘎切径流中总汞浓度分别为(3.79±5.12)、(1.06±0.77)和(1.02±0.24)ng·L-1,处于全球背景水平.不同环境介质中均以颗粒态汞为主,受到总悬浮颗粒物和径流量的控制.随着气温升高,冰川消融,受其补给的河流径流量增加.不同环境介质间,从冰川末端融水到曲嘎切下游河水,总汞浓度峰值时间分别是14:00、16:00和20:00以后,体现了汞在"冰川-径流"环境系统中随冰川消融、径流量变化的释放和传输过程.冰川补给河流汞的传输受多种因素制约,气候变化背景下,冰川消融和径流增加带来的侵蚀将在汞释放及其向下游传输发挥日益重要的作用.     

Climatic Variation and Solute Concentration and Flux in Meltwaters Draining from an Alpine Glacier

Measurements of electrical conductivity and discharge ofmeltwaters in the Gornera, which drains from the 83%glacierised basin containing Gornergletscher, PennineAlps, Switzerland, were undertaken between May andSeptember in both 1979 and 1998. Discharge in theGornera was 43% higher in 1998, average air temperatureduring the ablation season being 2.1 °C warmer andpreceding winter precipitation 28% lower than in 1979. Mean electrical conductivity of meltwater in 1998 wasreduced by 40%. In the same 60 day period in 1998,however, solute flux was augmented by only 2% bycomparison with 1979. Year-to-year climatic variations,reflected in discharge variability, strongly affectsolute concentration in glacial meltwaters, but havelimited impact on solute flux. Climatic conditionstranslate into meltwater quality through inter-relationships between mineral reaction rates, subglacialresidence time in contact with sediment, and discharge. Annual variability in solute flux depends on the extentto which volume of flow can offset decline in soluteconcentration brought about by reducing residence time.     

Altitudinal Distribution of Meltwater and Its Effects on Glacio‐Hydrology in Glacierized Catchments,Central Asia

In glacierized catchments, elevation is correlated with meltwater through its association with temperature, precipitation, and glacier hypsometry. The revelation of the altitudinal distribution of meltwater, unattended and not fully understood in previous work, might provide a better understanding of climate change impacts on glacio‐hydrology. Here, critical zone approach was defined and applied in 12 glacierized catchments of the Tien Shan–Pamir–Karakorum Mountains, Central Asia using manually calibrated glacier‐enhanced Soil and Water Assessment Tool model over 1966–2005. The critical zone, a sequence of elevation bands with above‐average snow and glacier melt, contributes maximum meltwater to total runoff. The critical zone shared 37%–95% (average = 80%) of meltwater contributions to total runoff, although its size was only 13%–30% of the total elevational relief. The critical zone controlled 76% and 82% variability in relative changes of glacier area and total runoff at the catchment scale, respectively. The increase in temperature was identified as the dominant driver for variations in total runoff in all catchments except Vakhsh and Yurungkash, where precipitation change remained dominant. Overall, glacier hypsometry limited the first‐order control of meltwater distributions on glacio‐hydrology. It is concluded that critical zone approach can interpret the proxy role of elevation to affect water availability under climate and glacier area change in glacierized catchments.     

Glacier Variability (1967‐2006) in the Teton Range,Wyoming, United States1

Edmunds, Jake, Glenn Tootle, Greg Kerr, Ramesh Sivanpillai, and Larry Pochop, 2011. Glacier Variability (1967‐2006) in the Teton Range, Wyoming, United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 187‐196. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00607.x Abstract: Glacier area and volume changes were quantified through the use of historical aerial photographs in Wyoming’s Teton Range. Glacier area changes in the Teton Range were estimated for three glaciers using unrectified aerial photography from 1967 to 2006. The total surface area of the three glaciers was 0.53 km² in 1967 and 0.40 km² in 2006, a decrease of 25% during the 39‐year period. The smallest glacier, Teepe, experienced the greatest area loss (60 ± 3%), whereas the largest glacier, Teton Glacier, lost 17 ± 3% of the 1967 area. For the current research, aerial photography from 1967 to 2002 was used to estimate glacier volume loss using stereoscopy techniques. The aerial photographs provide a finer resolution when compared with other datasets including satellite imagery (e.g., Landsat). Volume loss for the three glaciers was estimated to be 3.20 ± 0.46 million cubic meters over the period of 1967 to 2002. In assessing the primary climatic driver of the glacier ice loss, observed summer (June, July, and August) temperature data showed a statistically significant increase in temperatures when comparing the period of study (1968 to 2006) with historical temperatures from 1911 to 1967. When comparing spring (April 1st Snow Water Equivalent) snowpack for the period of study with historical records beginning in 1931, a significant difference in snowpack was not observed.     

气候变暖背景下典型冰川储量变化及其特征 ——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例

冰储量变化与冰川水资源变化及其对河川径流的贡献有密切关系。论文以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例,基于雷达测厚、冰川测图等多年实测资料,通过GIS技术,计算出该冰川不同时期的储量值,并对其变化特征进行分析。结果表明,乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川1962、1981、1986、2001和2006年的储量分别为10 736.7×10⁴、10 296.2×10⁴、9 989.4×10⁴ m³、8 797.9×10⁴和8 115.0×10⁴ m³。1962-2006年44 a间,在气候变暖背景下,冰储量亏损24.4%,厚度减薄12.1%,面积减小14.0%,最大长度缩短7.6%,且均呈加速趋势。1981年之前,冰川面积和长度的减小是造成冰储量减少的主要原因;1981-2001年,冰川厚度、面积、长度的减小共同造成储量的减少,面积的缩小仍是主导因素;2001年以后,冰川厚度的减薄成为冰储量减少的主要因素。     

近50 a气候变化背景下青藏高原冰川和湖泊变化

论文综述了近年来青藏高原冰川和湖泊变化研究取得的成果,并特别着重于冰川和湖泊变化的相互关系论述。在全球变暖背景下,近几十年青藏高原冰川以退缩为主,湖泊水量以增加为主。论文一方面对青藏高原冰川末端退缩、冰川面积和冰川储量变化方面的研究成果进行了综合分析,探讨了冰川变化的时空特征;另一方面从湖泊面积和水位与水量变化探讨了湖泊变化的时空规律。结果表明青藏高原冰川退缩的幅度总体上呈从青藏高原外缘向内陆呈减小的变化态势,受冰川融水补给比较大的湖泊近期面积扩张、水位上升明显。最后指出了青藏高原冰川、湖泊变化研究中存在的问题及今后的发展趋势。     

中国天山过去43年大气环境变化:来自冰芯草酸根记录的证据

中、低纬度地区山地冰川有机酸记录的研究是目前国际冰芯地球化学研究的前沿之一。中国天山乌鲁木齐河源一号冰川为一中纬度山地冰川。对其冰芯的草酸根含量的分析显示,其冰芯所记录的过去43 年草酸根变化的总体特征是在一个背景值基础上存在着含量的突变峰值。草酸根的背景值含量在1 ng/g左右,在部分冰芯段,其含量甚至低于测试分析的检测限;而大多数草酸根峰值的含量都达到或超过了10 ng/g。草酸根的平均含量为3.6 ±9.2 ng/g ( x±1σ, N=534),其中70%以上由峰值构成。50年代后期是草酸根的一个低值期,平均含量略高于本底值;至60-70年代达到最高值,平均含量为5.0ng/g;80年代草酸根平均含量又下降到接近50 年代后期的水平;至90年代回落到本底值附近。草酸根的主要来源是人类活动对大气所造成的污染。其过去43 年平均含量的变化大致与中国西部工业和环境保护事业的发展历程相一致,是西部区域大气污染变化的一种反应。     

2000 — 2018年哈尔里克山冰川高程遥感变化分析

冰川高程变化是冰川形态变化的重要特征之一,能为推算冰川体积变化及物质平衡提供基本参数。利用Sentinel-1A雷达数据,与SRTM数据进行差分干涉,得到2000—2018年哈尔里克山冰川高程变化结果。为进一步提高监测结果的可靠性,以裸地区域的高程变化量作为系统误差修正值,对冰川高程变化结果进行第一次优化。由于差分干涉结果受地形影响较大,为降低地形因素对高程变化的影响,分析地形因子与高程变化标准差之间的关系,去除标准差过大的冰川区域,提高冰川高程变化可靠性,对冰川高程变化结果进行第二次优化,并在此基础上进行精度评定。结果表明：过去18年来,哈尔里克山冰川高程平均下降(8.74±0.14) m;分析冰川高程变化的空间差异性,发现西北部冰川高程减少程度较东南部小;分析冰川高程变化与海拔的关系,发现总体上冰川高程下降程度随海拔升高而减小。     

典型季风型温冰川消融期融水化学日变化特征

分析了玉龙雪山白水1号冰川区2009年8月29日～9月3日4 750 m处冰雪融水的pH、电导率、无机离子和δ18O的化学特征,结果表明,消融期日尺度上pH值受气温变化影响较大.碱性尘埃中的可溶盐溶解导致融水电导率增大.一天中消融速率快时δ18O值较低,消融速率慢时δ18O值较高.受岩石岩性和海洋水汽影响,研究区Na＋、K＋的平均浓度高于Μg2＋的平均浓度.融水中阳离子主要来源于石灰岩风化,属典型的碳酸盐溶滤水.融水中无机离子的总含量随气温的变化而变化,具有明显的周期性,但是不同可溶性离子对气温变化所导致的消融速率响应幅度不一致.局地岩石岩性、季风输送和人类活动是白水1号冰川融水中无机离子的主要来源.