成都市2002年1月2日至4日浓雾天气雾的化学组成

为了查明雾天雾的化学学组成，2002年1月2日至1月4日，利用人为结露的方法采集了雾天的雾，并洲定了阴离子组成。与室内采集的凝结露水的研究进行比较，大雾天的雾中含有极高的硝酸粮，这是因为雾的形成过程中亚硝酸根进一步氧化为硝酸根的原因。     

Regional characteristics of land use in Northeast and Southern Blue Ridge Province: Associations with acid rain effects on surface-water chemistry

The Direct/Delayed Response Project (DDRP) is one of several studies being conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to assess risk to surface waters from acidic deposition in the eastern United States. In one phase of DDRP, land use, wetland, and forest cover data were collected for statistical samples of 145 Northeast lake and 35 Southern Blue Ridge Province stream watersheds in the United States. Land-use and other data then were extrapolated from individual to target watershed populations. Project statistical design allows summarization of results for various subsets of the target population. This article discusses results and implications of the land-use and land-cover characterization for both regions. Forest cover was the primary land use in both regions. In the Northeast, developed (agriculture and urban) land was positively associated with surface-water chemistry values for acid neutralizing capacity, Ca plus Mg, pH, and sulfate in the Pocono/Catskill subregion. Extensive wetlands and beaver activity occur in parts of the Northeast region, whereas topography limits wetland and riparian development in the Southern Blue Ridge Province. Northeast soils have low sulfate adsorption capacity, most watersheds are near sulfur steady state, and lake sulfate concentrations are controlled principally by levels of sulfur deposition. Net annual sulfur retention in Northeast watersheds is positively correlated with occurrence of wetlands and beaver impoundments. In contrast, most Southern Blue Ridge Province soils have high sulfate adsorption capacities, resulting in high net watershed sulfur retention. At the present time, stream sulfate concentrations and percent sulfur retention are controlled principally by soil chemical properties related to adsorption rather than atmospheric deposition and land use. The information in this document has been funded wholly by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. It has been subjected to the agency's peer and administrative review, and it has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.     

南充市近十年酸雨变化特征及降水化学组成研究

依据南充市2003~2012年城区降水环境监测统计资料,分析了酸雨变化特征及降水离子化学组成。研究表明:这十年,酸雨频率平均为50.4%,2007年降雨量为最高,呈波动递减趋势变化,降水年平均pH值为4.88,呈现"低—高—低"的变化特征,城区酸雨频率和降水pH值月均值变化呈现高低交替的波动趋势。城区降水中主要阳离子成分是Ca2+,主要阴离子成分是SO2-4和NO-3。(SO2-4/NO-3)比值逐年下降,平均比值为7.82,酸雨污染类型仍以硫酸型为主;降水(NH+4+Ca2+)/(SO2-4+NO-3)和Ca2+/NH+4比值呈波动性变化,2007年分别达到最高值为6.71和50.27,除2010年比值均较低小于1外,近年来均有增加趋势,表明碱性离子缓冲能力增强了,降水酸度降低,pH值增加,但2007年pH值较低,主要与降雨量有关。综合分析,降水酸度不仅是酸性离子和碱性离子中和作用,也受其他离子浓度和降雨量、风向等气候条件、距离传输以及地形等影响。     

Ca2+对煤中含氮活性基团阻化效应研究

为揭示CaCl2抑制煤炭自燃发生的机理,提高阻化效果,采用Gaussian03软件包,对Ca2+与煤中含N活性基团形成的配位体的结构及分子前沿轨道、稳定化能、自然键轨道和净电荷布居、电荷转移进行系统研究.结果表明,Ca2+能够与煤中含N活性基团形成二配体、三配体及四配体配合物,形成四配体的稳定化能与前沿轨道能级能隙差较大,说明四配体配合物最为稳定,而且形成配合物后,煤含N活性结构中的-NH2基团对前沿轨道的贡献大大减少,同时轨道能级大幅增加,增加了煤活性结构的稳定性,提高了煤活性结构的抗氧化性.     

闪光烟火剂感度变化因素的实验研究

研究铝粉的粒度、形状和粘合剂的含量对闪光烟火药剂感度的影响。发现由铝粉和高氯酸钾配制的二元药剂对摩擦和冲击比较钝感,而对静电火花和火焰敏感;当加入粘合剂后,冲击感度和摩擦感度均明显提高。而静电火花感度和火焰感度均明显下降。粒度和形状对感度的影响是铝粉比表面积变化引起的;粘合剂对感度的影响是由于加入粘合剂后形成的微胶囊的脆性和硬度较大,且易藏有气泡,容易形成热点。     

环境有机质对FeS-水体系中林丹脱氯转化的影响

采用批处理方法,评价几种典型的环境有机质对缺氧或无氧FeS-水体系中,林丹非生物脱氯转化动力学的影响.测定了不同反应介质条件下,林丹的非生物脱氯转化速率和产物的分布.结果表明,反应体系中高浓度的表面活性剂对林丹的转化有明显的抑制作用,转化速率为对照体系的18%;萘醌对林丹转化的速率及其产物分布均没有明显的影响;加入25 mg/L胡敏酸可使林丹的转化速率提高1.29倍;加入2 mmol/L 2,2'-联吡啶明使林丹的转化速率提高2.2倍.研究表明,水生态环境中与FeS共存的有机物可能对有机氯污染物的自然衰减产生较大影响.     

含苯环有机污染物定量结构与活性相关性研究

定义表征成键原子生物活性的特征值Ei,由Ei建构新的连接性指数nK,并用0阶指数0K、1阶指数1K研究了氯代芳香族化合物的辛醇/水分配系数及取代苯胺、苯酚和硝基苯类化合物的生物毒性,给出了相关的方程.结果表明,该方法计算简单,使用方便,所有QSAR模型的估算结果均明显优于相应的文献方法,为定量评估和预测同类型其他化合物的生物毒性提供了参考依据.nK有望在QSAR/QSPR研究中作为一个新的参数而获得推广应用.     

Climatic Variation and Solute Concentration and Flux in Meltwaters Draining from an Alpine Glacier

Measurements of electrical conductivity and discharge ofmeltwaters in the Gornera, which drains from the 83%glacierised basin containing Gornergletscher, PennineAlps, Switzerland, were undertaken between May andSeptember in both 1979 and 1998. Discharge in theGornera was 43% higher in 1998, average air temperatureduring the ablation season being 2.1 °C warmer andpreceding winter precipitation 28% lower than in 1979. Mean electrical conductivity of meltwater in 1998 wasreduced by 40%. In the same 60 day period in 1998,however, solute flux was augmented by only 2% bycomparison with 1979. Year-to-year climatic variations,reflected in discharge variability, strongly affectsolute concentration in glacial meltwaters, but havelimited impact on solute flux. Climatic conditionstranslate into meltwater quality through inter-relationships between mineral reaction rates, subglacialresidence time in contact with sediment, and discharge. Annual variability in solute flux depends on the extentto which volume of flow can offset decline in soluteconcentration brought about by reducing residence time.     

德兴地区土壤重金属人为污染的地球化学评价

在系统采集德兴地区表层土壤样品的基础上,采用标准化方法确定了该区Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg、As的地球化学基线值,并采用富集因子对表层土壤的人为污染进行了地球化学评价.结果表明:1)土壤中7种重金属元素的基线值较江西省土壤背景值高;2)土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn的人为污染以轻微污染为主,Cu的人为污染为轻微污染和中度污染,人为污染的区域主要分布在德兴铜矿及其周边地区;3)土壤重金属污染源判别表明,Pb、Zn、Cd具有相似的来源,其污染与铅锌矿的采矿及冶炼活动有关,Cu的来源与德兴铜矿的采矿活动有关,其他重金属来源差异较大.     

光化学降解有机磷农药研究进展

光化学降解有机磷农药是一种高效、无二次污染的非生物转化过程,也是有机磷农药在环境中的主要降解途径.本文通过介绍光化学方法降解有机磷农药的基本原理、有机磷农药的主要光化学反应类型、光化学降解过程中光敏(猝灭)剂的作用及影响光化学反应的因素,分析了今后光化学降解有机磷农药研究中需要关注的问题,提出将有机磷农药的光催化氧化技术与其他方法相结合,研发高效、经济的新技术是今后农药残留降解技术研究的重点.