绿色化学教育的探讨

当今全球十大环境问题几乎每都直接与化学和化学工业污染污染有关，如何减少化学和化学工业所造成的污染是许多环境保护工作者所研究的重要课题，本文介绍了绿色化学的内涵，提出了实施绿色化学理论教育和绿色化学实验教育的具体措施，绿色化学及绿色化学教育对环境保护具有重大而深远的意义。     

Constitutive or induced defences - how does <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus globulus</Emphasis> defend itself from larval feeding?

Summary. Following herbivory, induced responses involving plant secondary metabolites have been reported in a number of tree species. Although a wide range of plant secondary metabolites appear to operate as constitutive plant defences in trees belonging to the Eucalyptus genus, no induced responses have as yet been reported following foliar-chewing insect damage. We empirically tested whether branch defoliation (artificial and larval) of 2-year-old Eucalyptus globulus Labill. trees altered the abundance of specific plant secondary metabolites immediately (3 months after initial larval feeding) and 8 months after the cessation of larval feeding. Metabolites assayed, included essential oils, polyphenolic groups and foliar wax compounds and in all cases their abundance was not significantly altered by defoliation. However, the level of foliar tannins after 3 months of larval feeding did display a trend that suggested elevated levels as the result of defoliation, though this trend was not evident 8 months later, indicating that, if real, the response was a rapid and not a delayed induced response. The level of foliar tannins was also negatively correlated to both average larval survival and average percentage branch defoliation, suggesting that foliar tannins may operate as toxins and/or anti-feedants to M. privata larval feeding.     

Glycerol as a green solvent for high product yields and selectivities

Organic synthesis is usually performed in solution to dissolve both reactants and catalysts and to deliver heat. Here, we show that glycerol, which is a non-toxic, biodegradable, and recyclable liquid manufactured from renewable sources, has a high potential to serve as alternative green solvent for organic reactions. Several catalytic and non-catalytic reactions were successfully performed in glycerol. High products yields and selectivities were achieved. Besides solubility of the reactants and the catalysts and easy separation of the product, glycerol offers several other benefits such as catalyst recycling, microwave assisting reaction, and biphasic and emulsion modes.     

酸沉降——森林冠层反应模型

建立了酸沉降—冠层反应模型,并计算冠层穿落水的化学特征。用广西马尾松和火力楠人工林一周年观测数据对模型进行初步检验.结果表明,模型与观测结果基本吻合,实测和模拟的穿落水量及各项离子的相对误差都在±7％之内,马尾松冠层过程强烈地受大气干沉降控制,穿落水加权pH值比同期降雨低0.61单位,火力楠受干沉降影响小,穿落水pH比降雨高0.28.参与冠层反应的各离子的主要来源不尽相同.     

大气中CH_4和N_2O浓度变化对氟氯碳化合物损耗O_3及ODP的影响

用计数物种法研究了ＣＨ_４、Ｎ_２Ｏ大气浓度的增长对氟氯碳化合物损耗Ｏ_３过程的影响。在０～２０ｋｍ大气范围内，ＮＯ_Ｘ增加幅度最大，引起这一区域的Ｏ_３有较大增长，ＨＯ_Ｘ浓度有所降低使ＨＣＦＣ_Ｓ在该区域的分解速率大为降低；在平流层中上层，由于ＣＨ_４、ＨＯ_Ｘ和ＮＯ_Ｘ的增加，使得对Ｃｌ原子多种储库分子有较大幅度的增加，氟氯碳化合物对臭氧的消耗能力因此有所减少。微量成分对臭氧消耗潜势（ＯＤＰ）值的影响幅度不大、方向也不确定。     

DEFINING REGIONAL POPULATIONS OF LAKES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Topographic maps are commonly used to define populations of lakes in regional surveys of surface water quality. To illustrate the effect of different maps on that process, we compared the lakes represented on the 1:250,000-scale maps used for the Northeast Region of the Eastern Lake Survey—Phase I (ELS-I) to the lakes on a sample of large-scale maps (1:24,000 or 1:62,500). Lake areas at or near the lower limit of representation delimited “smallest-lake” values for the compared 1:250,000-scale maps. The regional median for these values was 4.5 hectares (ha) and ranged from 0.6 to 24.8 ha. Lake representation is influenced by cartographic limitations such as map scale, age, and complexity as well as the inherent variability of waterbodies (e.g., water level fluctuations or the creation of reservoirs, beaver impoundments, and oxbows). The total number of lakes on large-scale maps increased markedly as lake area decreased. Approximately 15,700 of the estimated 29,000 lakes in the EPA's Northeast Region were 1 to 4 ha in area. Because maps affect the size distribution of lakes included in a regional survey and because lake areas are thought to modify lake chemistry, maps ultimately affect the estimates of regional surface water quality.     

韩桥煤矿-330m水平泵房水泵水垢产生成因研究

2003年4月,徐州矿务集团韩桥煤矿-330m水平泵房出现严重的结垢.首先用X-衍射分析仪对水垢成分进行测试,然后对矿井水的水化学和微生物特征分3个不同时段(2003年4月、2003年10月、2004年4月)采样、测试,并利用水质模拟软件PHREEQC计算方解石、文石、白云石的饱和指数.通过综合对比分析,对水泵结垢原因进行了追踪研究.结果表明,水垢主要成分以碳酸盐水垢为主,微生物主要为球菌和杆菌,水泵结垢与微生物无直接关系;矿井停采前,-330m水平水质类型为SO4-Ca-Mg,SO24-质量浓度高达1613·90mg/L,pH=6.71,矿井停采后,2003年4-10月,-330m东巷水质类型变化为SO4-HCO3-Ca-Mg,其中HCO-3、(K Na )质量浓度明显上升,pH值明显上升,尤其在2003年4月达到最高,为8·36.2003年10月-2004年4月,水质类型又变化为SO4-Ca-Mg,pH值下降为6.35～7.02.综合分析认为,矿井地面某造纸厂碱性污水渗漏引起pH值升高是结垢的主要原因.     

绝热加速量热仪研究锂离子电池电解液热安全性

利用绝热加速量热仪对商业锂离子电池中常用的3种电解液进行了热分析实验,并根据测试结果评价了其热安全性.3种电解液的初始反应温度均在180～200℃之间;运用绝热理论模型,得到3种电解液热分解反应的活化能Ea分别为(246.202±2.866)kJ·mol、(277.94±7.49)kJ·mol-1和(778.81±34.86)kJ·mol-1;每克样品反应终止时压力分别达到2173.84kPa、2 074.80kPa和2408.65 kPa,压力升高值△P分别为:819.42 kPa、1 619.37 kPa和808.54 kPa.     

电生成羟基自由基及其对染料降解脱色的研究

以电化学循环伏安法和红外光谱分析 (IR) ,研究了茜素红及酸性铬蓝在电解槽中处理前后的电化学行为的变化 ,进一步阐明Fenton试剂的作用机制。电解生成的过氧化氢与阳极溶解的Fe2+ 进行随后反应 ,生成羟基自由基 (Fenton试剂 ) ,进而对有机染料进行氧化反应 ,使其不饱和的—N＝N—双键断裂 ,分解成萘胺与氨基苯酚磺酸两个部分 ,从而达到有机染料降解、脱色的效果。测试结果表明 ,电解处理15min内 ,脱色率和COD_cr的去除率变化较大 ,电解处理 1h ,COD_cr的去除率达 80 % ,脱色率达 98%.      

水质条件对膜-羧基官能团之间微观作用力的影响特征

为了探讨pH值、离子强度及膜材料对膜-污染物间相互作用力的影响特征,利用自制的典型膜污染物羧基官能团胶体探针,结合原子力显微镜定量考察了羧基官能团与PVDF及EVOH超滤膜间的相互作用力随pH值及离子强度的变化特征.结果表明:带有羧基基体的污染物与PVDF及EVOH超滤膜之间的相互作用力皆随着pH值的增大而减小;但是上述作用力随着离子强度的增加呈现特殊的变化趋势:在离子强度为0~10mmol/L时,膜-带有羧基基体的污染物之间相互作用力随着离子强度的增加而增大;在离子强度为10~500mmol/L时,膜-羧基之间相互作用力随着离子强度的增大而减小.在特定的水质条件下,EVOH-羧基间的作用力远小于PVDF-羧基之间的作用力.