GIS-based assessment of the threat to world forests by patterns of non-sustainable civilisation nature interaction

The paper presents a novel transdisciplinary approach to investigate non-sustainable civilisation–nature interactions in the context of global change. The approach rests on the decomposition of intricate dynamics of Global Change into problematic patterns civilisation nature interactions (‘syndromes’) this is done by an iterative process of observations, data and theoretical system analysis and GIS-based modelling attempts. These syndromes of global change characterise endangering and risky developments of civilisation nature interaction and represent a baseline for measuring and indicating ‘non-sustainability’; in order to have a sustainable development it is necessary to have a far-reaching absence of syndromes. They encompass the core problems of global change, e.g. soil degradation, climate change, threats to biodiversity or global deforestation. Patterns are defined as characteristic constellations of global change trends (‘symptoms’). Cause–effect schemes of symptoms and their interrelations are constituted as complex phenomena resulting from interactions over the different spheres of the Earth system (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, population, pedosphere, economy, psychosocial sphere, social organisation, science and technology). The approach is illustrated by an analysis of civilisation–nature interaction patterns relevant for global deforestation. Global forest ecosystems have been chosen for this investigation because of their important role in the global carbon cycle and their importance for biological diversity. The resulting geographical patchwork of the combined dispositions and intensities of the different syndromes describes current and future regional threats to forests by their underlying global cause–effect patterns of civilisation–nature interaction.     

长江中下游地区湖泊富营养化的硅藻指示性属种

在对长江中下游地区45个湖泊表层沉积硅藻属种分布及多次季节性水样调查的基础上,研究了57个常见硅藻属种对总磷指标的生态学特征.利用加权平均回归方法,计算出常见属种对总磷指标响应的生态最佳值及忍耐幅度.根据生态学理论得出,属种Cyclotellameneghiniana、C.atomus、Stephanodiscusparvus、S.minutulus、Naviculasubminiscula是长江中下游湖泊富营养化发生的很好的指示性属种;而Aulacoseiraalpigea、Cyclostephanosdubius、C.tholiformis、C.invisitatus、Stephanodiscushantzschii、Naviculacirtrus、Nitzschiaagnita、N.subacicularis等则是潜在的湖泊富营养化的指示性属种.     

The earth system: regional–global linkages

Understanding the earth system requires that the two-way linkages between regions and the global system be well understood and predictable. Most studies of global change are undertaken thematically across limited disciplinary boundaries; few are attempted holistically across many disciplines within regions. The regional approach offers many advantages. Here a variety of linkages associated with the regions of Southern Africa, South Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia are presented to illustrate the power of a regional approach to earth system science. Major findings include the extent to which long-range transport of aerosols and nutrients affect terrestrial and marine ecosystem functioning in and around southern Africa. Aerosol transport, and the development of a regional haze layer, over South Asia are shown to alter significantly the radiative forcing of change in the atmosphere over the region. Changes in land cover and use over East Asia over along period of time are shown to have affected the strength of the monsoon circulation significantly. Finally, rampant economic development and globalization in Southeast Asia are demonstrated to have been a significant driver of regional change. Electronic Publication     

大气中γ辐射空气吸收剂量率的波动机制

基于广西防城港市、福建福清市和宁德市的3个滨海核电厂周边γ辐射空气吸收剂量率长时间高频率的连续观测数据,从不同时间尺度进行系统解析.研究发现,在年际尺度上,2014～2020年间宁德嵛山岛站位γ辐射空气吸收剂量率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,与太阳活动的先减弱后增强存在一定的反相位关联;在季节尺度上,2019年度3个站位的观...     

农业水分利用率及其对环境和管理活动的响应

全球变化引起全球温度升高,降水格局发生变化,使淡水资源更加匮乏。农业是占据首位的用水大户。如何节约农用水,提高农业水分利用率(WUE)是节约淡水资源,促进水资源的可持续利用,加快干旱和半干旱地区社会经济发展的关键。农业水分利用效率的概念及其表达式根据不同尺度、应用目的等而不同。提高WUE主要有两种原则:减少地表径流和蒸发,以及提高作物的蒸腾效率。论文描绘了提高农业水分利用率的模式图,提出了今后应着重研究的方向。     

中国降水量高度效应及全球升温对它的影响

利用中国气象中心160站点的实际观察资料,对中国半个世纪的降水变化进行了系统分析,发现中国的夏季降水量与海拔高度存在着很好的反相关关系;同时,全球升温使得降水量的高度效应增强,主要表现为高海拔降水量海拔效应明显增强,这主要是由全球升温引起环流系统增强所引起的.     

我国南部夏季季风降水水汽来源的稳定同位素证据

我国南部地区夏季降水多受季风影响。不同的季风将来自不同通道的水汽带入我国境内,控制降水的时空分布。论文利用CHNIP(中国大气降水同位素网络)中位于南部地区的观测站点,在2005年7月间,收集了月大气降水样及同步观测的气象数据。分析表明,降水中稳定氢氧同位素的空间分布可以很好地示踪和反演该地区夏季季风降水的3个主要水汽来源以及传输路径--体现南亚季风的西南水汽通道、体现南海季风的南海水汽通道及体现副热带季风的东南水汽通道。得到的大气降水线方程:δD=5.15δ¹⁸O-15.5反映了我国南部地区的降水过程历经了一定的蒸发。对δ¹⁸O与各环境因子的关系进行探讨时发现,δ¹⁸O与降雨量和高程存在对数关系,而与温度和相对湿度间存在显著的二次函数关系。综合考虑各环境因子对δ¹⁸O的影响,给出多元线性回归方程:δ¹⁸O(‰)=0.007H(m)+1.47T(℃)-0.02P(mm)+0.24RH(%)-66.3。     

The Biogeography of Globally Threatened Seabirds and Island Conservation Opportunities

Seabirds are the most threatened group of marine animals; 29% of species are at some risk of extinction. Significant threats to seabirds occur on islands where they breed, but in many cases, effective island conservation can mitigate these threats. To guide island‐based seabird conservation actions, we identified all islands with extant or extirpated populations of the 98 globally threatened seabird species, as recognized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, and quantified the presence of threatening invasive species, protected areas, and human populations. We matched these results with island attributes to highlight feasible island conservation opportunities. We identified 1362 threatened breeding seabird populations on 968 islands. On 803 (83%) of these islands, we identified threatening invasive species (20%), incomplete protected area coverage (23%), or both (40%). Most islands with threatened seabirds are amenable to island‐wide conservation action because they are small (57% were <1 km²), uninhabited (74%), and occur in high‐ or middle‐income countries (96%). Collectively these attributes make islands with threatened seabirds a rare opportunity for effective conservation at scale. La Biogeografía de Aves Marinas Amenazadas Globalmente y las Oportunidades de Conservación en Islas     

秸秆生物炭对河套灌区膜下滴灌玉米农田生态系统碳足迹的影响

为探究生物炭对干旱地区膜下滴灌玉米农田生态系统温室气体排放和碳足迹的影响.设置不同施用量的生物炭处理［0（CK）、15（C15）、30（C30）和45 t ·hm^-2（C45）］,连续2 a监测覆膜滴灌条件下一次性施用秸秆生物炭后玉米农田生态系统土壤温室气体（CO₂、N₂O和CH₄）排放的季节变化及其综合增温潜势,利用生命周期评估法估算农业生产活动引起的碳排放量,并进行碳足迹的分析.施用生物炭当年的作物生长季土壤CO₂累积排放量比CK下降17.6%~24.7%,N₂O累积排放量下降71.1%~110.4%,综合增温潜势降低19.5%~25.9%.生物炭施用后第2 a作物生长季的CO₂累积排放量比CK减少19.2%~40.6%,N₂O累积排放量减少38.7%~46.7%,综合增温潜势减少19.7%~40.5%.连续2 a处理C15和C30均不同程度增加了CH₄累积吸收量,而处理C45显著降低了CH₄累积吸收量.C15和C45分别为生物炭施用当年和翌年单位产量碳足迹最少的处理,其单位产量碳足迹较CK分别降低10.1%和26.2%.土壤温室气体排放量对玉米农田生态系统碳足迹贡献率最大（38.1%~59.2%）,其次为氮肥生产（19.8%~33.4%）,而后为电能生产（6.7%~8.8%）和地膜覆盖（4.4%~7.4%）.生物炭对生态系统碳足迹贡献率为5.7%~13.8%.施用30 t ·hm^-2生物炭对农田生态系统减排固碳增产效果更好.改善生物炭制作工艺及运输途径、提高氮肥利用效率和发展节水节能灌溉技术,是减少旱区农田生态系统碳足迹的重要途径.     

Observed levels and trends of gaseous SO2 and HNO3 at Mt. Waliguan, China: Results from 1997 to 2009

Long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3,particularly those from the background sites,are rarely reported.We present for the first time the long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3 at Waliguan(WLG),the only global baseline station in the back-land of the Eurasian Continent.The concentrations of SO2 and HNO3 were observed at WLG from 1997 to 2009.The observed annual mean concentrations of SO2 and HNO3 at WLG were 1.28±0.41 and 0.22±0.19μg/m3,respectively.The HNO3 concentrations were much higher in warmer seasons than in colder seasons,while the SO2 concentrations showed a nearly reversed seasonal pattern.In most months,the concentration of HNO3 was significantly correlated with that of SO2,suggesting that some common factors influence the variations of both gases and the precursors of HNO3 may partially be from the SO2-emitting sources.The SO2 concentration had a very significant(P < 0.0001) decreasing trend(-0.2μg/(m3·yr)) in 1997-2002,but a significant(P < 0.05) increasing trend(+0.06 μg/(m 3 ·yr)) in 2003-2009.The HNO3 concentration showed no statistically significant trend during 1997-2009.While the decrease of SO2 in 1997-2002 agrees with the trend of global SO2 emissions,the increase in 2003-2009 is not consistent with the decreasing trends in many other regions over the world.Trajectory analysis suggests that the airmasses from the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Takla Makan Desert regions contributed significantly to the increasing trends of SO2 and HNO3 at WLG in 2003-2009,with a rate of +0.13μg/(m3·yr) and +0.007μg/(m3·yr),respectively.