Observed levels and trends of gaseous SO2 and HNO3 at Mt. Waliguan, China: Results from 1997 to 2009

Long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3,particularly those from the background sites,are rarely reported.We present for the first time the long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3 at Waliguan(WLG),the only global baseline station in the back-land of the Eurasian Continent.The concentrations of SO2 and HNO3 were observed at WLG from 1997 to 2009.The observed annual mean concentrations of SO2 and HNO3 at WLG were 1.28±0.41 and 0.22±0.19μg/m3,respectively.The HNO3 concentrations were much higher in warmer seasons than in colder seasons,while the SO2 concentrations showed a nearly reversed seasonal pattern.In most months,the concentration of HNO3 was significantly correlated with that of SO2,suggesting that some common factors influence the variations of both gases and the precursors of HNO3 may partially be from the SO2-emitting sources.The SO2 concentration had a very significant(P < 0.0001) decreasing trend(-0.2μg/(m3·yr)) in 1997-2002,but a significant(P < 0.05) increasing trend(+0.06 μg/(m 3 ·yr)) in 2003-2009.The HNO3 concentration showed no statistically significant trend during 1997-2009.While the decrease of SO2 in 1997-2002 agrees with the trend of global SO2 emissions,the increase in 2003-2009 is not consistent with the decreasing trends in many other regions over the world.Trajectory analysis suggests that the airmasses from the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Takla Makan Desert regions contributed significantly to the increasing trends of SO2 and HNO3 at WLG in 2003-2009,with a rate of +0.13μg/(m3·yr) and +0.007μg/(m3·yr),respectively.     

双视角下中国畜牧业甲烷排放的温室效应

准确评价甲烷（CH₄）的温室效应是制定有效减排路径的基础.首次采用新提出的、针对短寿命气候污染物（SLCP）设计的气候指标GWP-star （GWP^*）对中国畜牧业CH₄排放的温室效应进行定量评价,并与常用的GWP指标评价结果相比较.结果表明,GWP的视角下我国畜牧业CH₄排放的温室效应持续增加.因此,畜牧业实现碳中和需要完全消除排放,或以增加碳汇、增加资源化利用的形式抵消每年稳定的CH₄排放.在GWP^*的视角下,2015~2019年间畜牧业CH₄排放的温室效应较20年前有所减少,降低的热量相当于从20年前的大气中减少2.1×10⁴万t CO₂的热量,畜牧业只需每年有效降低0.3%的CH₄排放则可在短期内实现自身碳中和.在中国畜牧业持续采取有效减排措施的情况下,采用GWP^*的标准制定减排目标比用GWP制定的减排目标更早达到,但选择GWP还是GWP^*需要综合考虑评价的目的、评价的时间尺度和实际可操作性.     

西南地区夏季极端降水的水汽来源分析

西南地区地形复杂,极端降水极易形成山洪并引发地质灾害,1998年夏季西南降水达709.3 mm,超出平均降水约23.9%。经使用水汽追踪模型WAM2layers和ERA-Interim再分析资料等大数据追踪西南降水水汽来源,发现西南夏季降水主要有四个源区,分别是西南季风区、西风带区、本地和东南季风区,1998年夏季分别贡献了330.1 mm、110.0 mm、104.8 mm和65.6 mm水汽,约占所追踪降水的52.2%、17.4%、16.6%和10.4%。西南季风区作为最大源区,贡献了超过一半的降水水汽。增加的降水其水汽主要来自西南季风区、西风带区和本地,比平均分别多贡献80.1 mm、29.3 mm和27.1 mm,合占所增加降水的99.9%;其中又以西南季风区贡献占主导。进一步发现,1998年夏季太平洋副高向西南延伸,并在北孟加拉湾和我国南海形成两个高压中心异常,导致西南季风向我国西南地区的水汽输送异常强劲,从而造成西南地区降水异常增多。     

基于MRIO模型的中国省级区域碳足迹及碳转移研究

科学识别我国各省区碳足迹及省际间碳转移特点,对于促进全国统一碳市场的建立和运行具有重要意义.基于MRIO模型,自主编制了包括12个省级区域、14个行业的2007年中国区域间投入产出表,测算了这12个省级区域的碳足迹特点和省际间碳转移情况.结果显示:由于经济发展水平、产业结构、能源结构、工业化程度和人口等因素的不同,各省碳足迹特点呈现较大差异;我国存在由能源资源丰富地区和重化工业密集省份向经济发达地区和资源短缺省份的碳转移现象,其中,河北、山西和内蒙古三省对外省区呈现碳净调出态势且调出量较大;省际间距离越近,产业结构互补性越强,则省际间的碳转移规模也就越大.当前,我国应加快推进能源结构调整和产业升级转型;强化区域内省际之间的相互协作,降低碳减排成本;在未来全国碳排放权交易体系下,应综合考虑各省的碳足迹水平和省区间碳转移情况,科学界定各省区的碳排放责任,公平合理地分配碳排放配额,以促进我国碳市场的顺利运行.     

Chemical characteristics of trace metals in PM10 and their concentrated weighted trajectory analysis at Central Delhi, India

Trace metals associated with PM₁₀ aerosols and their variation during day and nighttime as well as during different seasons have been studied for the year 2012. PCA analysis suggested 5 PCs, which accounted for 86.8% cumulative variance. PC1 accounted for 30% with a significant loading of metals of anthropogenic origin, while PC2 showed 28% variance with the loading of metals of crustal origin. These trace metals showed seasonal distinct day and night time characteristics. The concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Cd were found to be higher during nighttime in all the seasons. Only Fe was observed with significantly higher mean concentrations during daytime of all seasons except monsoon. The highest mean values of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb during post-monsoon might be attributed to winds advection over the regions of waste/biomass burning and industrial activities in Punjab and Haryana regions. Furthermore, concentration weighted trajectory analysis suggested that metals of crustal origin were contributed by long-range transport while metals of anthropogenic and industrial activities were contributed by regional/local source regions.     

基于合作博弈论的感潮河网区污染物排放总量削减分配模型研究

在给定污染物削减目标的情况下,如何确定各排污区域的分配比例一直是污染物总量分配技术的核心问题,博弈论是解决这一问题的有效尝试。采用合作博弈论方法,以感潮河网区各排污区域为研究对象,充分考虑各区域的污染治理成本、排污策略与环境质量的相互影响,建立了在给定污染物总削减比例条件下各区域环境合作的博弈模型,计算了各种可能联盟的特征函数值,利用Shapley值法进行合作收益的公平分配。结合珠江三角洲西江-石岐河河网区3个区域的环境合作案例说明削减合作的可行性,在总削减比例为15%的约束下,3区域合作削减比例是20.77%、12.82%和12.99%,与合作前相比,3个区域合作后环境成本分别减少了11.83%、2.13%和2%。     

土壤有机质对宁夏农业综合开发活动的响应

为深入分析宁夏农业综合开发活动对土壤有机质的影响,认识其对气候变化的适应意义,分别于北部平原灌区、中部干旱带和南部黄土丘陵区的3个农发项目典型示范点,选取典型用地、玉米地、未利用地3种土地利用类型,分析表层10～20 cm土壤有机质的变化规律。研究发现,生态区和土地利用类型是影响土壤有机质的重要因素,并存在极显著的交互作用。研究区土壤有机质在4.53～14.70 g·kg-1范围内变化,典型用地有显著改善,平均质量分数达10.40 g·kg-1。限定生态区条件下,北部平原灌区无论水稻还是玉米利用方式下,土壤有机质含量相对未利用地都出现显著提升,但是南部黄土丘陵区3种土地利用类型间并无显著差异,中部干旱带只有甘草地土壤有机质含量显著提升,幅度高达145%。限定土地利用类型条件下,3个生态区间典型用地土壤有机质出现显著差异,但是北部平原灌区和南部黄土丘陵区间未利用地以及玉米地表层土壤有机质差异并不显著。研究区农业综合开发活动对土壤有机质储存的作用以正效应为主,但是不同农业土地利用类型在不同生态区对土壤有机质的作用不尽相同。宁夏农业综合开发活动需要综合考虑生态区水土资源特征,选取适宜的农业土地利用类型,有效提升土壤有机质含量,积极应对气候变化。     

Narrating place,negotiating history: the politics of place in Land Between the Rivers

Conservation discourses in the last decade have witnessed a radical shift in the conceptualisation of nature. The imagery of a pristine nature has been replaced by a growing recognition of culture and place-based attachments as emerging frontiers of conservation. Yet, the complexities of place and culture call for a greater reflection on cultural approaches to natural resource management. In this paper, I argue that the cultural discourses in conservation policies are largely global in nature and conflict with a community's understanding of a local cultural tradition. The notion of the global closely relates to a global framing of an environmental problem that glosses over cultural specificities. On the other hand, local is defined here in materially specific terms that highlight the role of history in shaping environmental traditions. I examine these contradictory framings through a narrative of conservation, displacement, and cultural loss in a US rural community known as Land Between the Rivers.     

西部地区农业资源可持续利用的障碍因素分析

西部的农业资源面临危机 ,本文从宏观和微观层面分析了其成因 ,并提出了应提高农业水土资源的利用率、建立合理高效的农业生态系统结构、保护西部地区农业生态环境、优化配置农业资源等相应对策     

Global Radioactive Contamination Background in Terrestrial Ecosystems 13 Years after the Chernobyl Accident

The contents of ¹³⁷Cs in the soil, plant, and animal samples collected in the ecosystems of protected areas from the White Sea to the Black Sea in 1999 slightly differ from those in the period between 1980 and 1984. As a result of global fallout after the Chernobyl accident, the content of radioactive cesium in the soil has increased only on the territory of the Biological Station of Moscow State University at the White Sea, whereas that in the litter and plants has increased in virtually all areas studied. The isotope content in animals is actually equal to that recorded between 1980 and 1984. The mobility of ¹³⁷Cs in the soil–plant link has increased, which may be due to fallout after the accident. The duration of a complete radionuclide cycle in ecosystems decreases from 10 half-life periods in northern regions to 2.5 half-life periods in the southern regions. The Chernobyl disaster has caused no significant changes in the global radioactive background in the European part of the Russian Federation.