The emergence of global environmental awareness

An effective plan for global ecosystem management must be developed in the next 10 or 20 years. Awareness of the need has recently emerged, but still no integrated resource management system is universally accepted. A fragmented management approach has not been effective. Any successful course of action must be based on three assumptions: (1) that science can determine how ecosystems function, (2) once this is known, the social/political system will be able to protect ecosystems to the extent needed for the survival of human society, and (3) reality will take precedence over political expediency because Mother Nature cannot be fooled. This discussion focuses on the transition from awareness to taking effective action.     

Bio-char Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems – A Review

The application of bio-char (charcoal or biomass-derived black carbon (C)) to soil is proposed as a novel approach to establish a significant, long-term, sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in terrestrial ecosystems. Apart from positive effects in both reducing emissions and increasing the sequestration of greenhouse gases, the production of bio-char and its application to soil will deliver immediate benefits through improved soil fertility and increased crop production. Conversion of biomass C to bio-char C leads to sequestration of about 50% of the initial C compared to the low amounts retained after burning (3%) and biological decomposition (< 10–20% after 5–10 years), therefore yielding more stable soil C than burning or direct land application of biomass. This efficiency of C conversion of biomass to bio-char is highly dependent on the type of feedstock, but is not significantly affected by the pyrolysis temperature (within 350–500 ^∘C common for pyrolysis). Existing slash-and-burn systems cause significant degradation of soil and release of greenhouse gases and opportunies may exist to enhance this system by conversion to slash-and-char systems. Our global analysis revealed that up to 12% of the total anthropogenic C emissions by land use change (0.21 Pg C) can be off-set annually in soil, if slash-and-burn is replaced by slash-and-char. Agricultural and forestry wastes such as forest residues, mill residues, field crop residues, or urban wastes add a conservatively estimated 0.16 Pg C yr⁻¹. Biofuel production using modern biomass can produce a bio-char by-product through pyrolysis which results in 30.6 kg C sequestration for each GJ of energy produced. Using published projections of the use of renewable fuels in the year 2100, bio-char sequestration could amount to 5.5–9.5 Pg C yr⁻¹ if this demand for energy was met through pyrolysis, which would exceed current emissions from fossil fuels (5.4 Pg C yr⁻¹). Bio-char soil management systems can deliver tradable C emissions reduction, and C sequestered is easily accountable, and verifiable.     

土壤、农业与全球气候变化

本文讨论土壤、农业与全球气候变化的相互关系及相互影响,包括土壤圈、农业生产活动对全球气候变化的影响,以及全球气候变化对农业产生的直接和间接影响.并对引起CO2浓度上升、气温增高和水文条件改变等对世界农业和中国农业的正、负面效应进行预测、评估.     

全球气候变暖成因分析

论述了太阳辐射、大气环流和地表状况是形成气候的3个基本因素.此外,还有人类活动、太阳活动、火山活动等影响气候变化的第4类因子.影响全球气候变暖的因素既有自然因素,也有人为因素.但导致近百年全球气候持续变暖的主要因素是人为因素(人类活动),即自19世纪末工业革命后,世界各国工业化、城市化快速发展,使大气中CO2等“温室效应“气体持续增加,而森林植被遭到大量砍伐和破坏,全球森林植被覆盖率持续下降,平衡大气中CO2与O2的生态功能不断下降,结果导致全球“温室效应“持续增强,使近百年来全球气候持续变暖.自然因素太阳活动对全球气候变暖的影响是周期性而不是持续性的.太阳活动增强期(高峰期)有增温作用,减弱期(低谷期)有降温作用,对全球气候变暖有影响,但比起人类活动造成的CO2等气体“温室效应“持续增强对气候持续变暖的影响相对较小.     

车用钛酸锂电池生命周期评价

为评估车用钛酸锂（LTO）电池对能源、环境与资源的影响,构建了包括重制与二次使用阶段在内的车用锂电池全生命周期评价模型,以某款国产纯电动客车用钛酸锂电池包为评价对象,计算得出每kW·h钛酸锂电池全生命周期的总能量消耗（CED）、全球变暖潜值（GWP）和不可再生矿产资源耗竭潜值（ADP（e））分别为2.80×10⁴MJ、1.86×10³kg CO₂eq.以及4.77×10^-3kg Sbeq.其全生命周期CED与GWP主要与两个使用阶段中由电池充放电效率引起的能量损耗相关,生产阶段GWP主要来源于正负极材料、铝制材料和N-甲基吡咯烷酮.基于全生命周期存储-释放每MJ能量的视角,发现二次使用可显著降低电池全生命周期GWP;与已有研究中其他锂电池对比可知LTO电池生产阶段GWP最低.     

南极拉森北部冰架表面物质损失机制探讨

基于解密航片、光学遥感影像以及卫星雷达测高数据,完成一个较长时间序列的拉森A和B冰架的范围及表面高程变化监测.在此基础上,结合NCEP/NCAR夏季逐月平均气温数据和GPCP全球降水数据这两种气象数据来探讨拉森北部冰架表面物质平衡机制.结果表明：随着气温的升高,拉森A和B冰架自1968年以来总共消失了14 000km²的浮冰.当前,拉森A冰架已经完全消失,拉森B冰架仅存2 000km².伴随着冰架的持续崩塌与退缩,拉森北部冰架展现出高程持续降低的趋势,而且拉森A冰架的降低速度（-0.45m/a）明显高于拉森B冰架（-0.09m/a）.作为冰架表面物质平衡估算的两个主要参数,拉森A冰架的夏季平均气温从1968年的0.16℃升高到近期的0.84℃;拉森B冰架的夏季平均气温从1968年的0.04℃升高到近期的0.66℃.过去几十年的降水量变化对拉森北部冰架表面物质累积产生的影响很小,反倒是夏季温暖的降雨进一步加剧该地区的表面物质负平衡.对于持续崩塌与退缩型的拉森北部冰架来说,其高程降低除了受到冰架表面冰雪融化与再凝结导致的积雪致密化驱动外,还受到冰架后退导致的背向应力减少,进而导致的冰架物质输送加快的深刻影响.总之,在全球气候变暖的背景下,拉森A和B冰架的表面物质体现出越来越明显的负平衡趋势.     

中国优势金属供应全球需求的风险评估

随着新一轮科技革命和产业转型的发展,全球金属资源供需格局发生重大调整,美国、欧盟、日本等主要发达国家不断倒逼中国敞开优势金属供应。为保障国家金属资源安全,论文从可依赖性、可持续性、可承受性3个维度建立了一套金属资源供应风险评估体系,对中国优势金属供应全球需求的风险进行评估,结果表明：1）中国优势金属整体供应风险较高,铟、铋等两种金属风险值都在80以上,处于高风险水平;锑、锗、钡、镁、钨、稀土等6种金属风险值都是60~80之间,处于中高风险水平;镓、锶等两种金属处于中风险水平。2）在10种中国优势金属中,钡的可依赖性风险最高,达到81.88,稀土的风险最低,只有42.42。铟的可持续性风险最高,达到81.80;锑的最低,风险值为69.46。铟的可承受性风险也最高,高达100;铋的次之,风险值为89.23;钡的最低,只有33.96。3）随着未来新兴产业的快速发展,中国优势金属的供应风险将更加严峻。     

重庆地区石笋δ13C记录的全新世气候环境变化

本文利用重庆市青木关镇狮子洞石笋QM09铀系测年数据和氧碳稳定同位素数据,重建了研究区9.4~0 ka BP的古气候环境演化历史。依据狮子洞石笋δ~(13)C记录变化趋势,将其划分为2个阶段:(1)9.4~3.0 ka BP期间,狮子洞石笋δ~(13)C记录除了在4.2 ka BP附近发生一次短暂的偏重事件外,整体变化比较平缓,石笋δ~(13)C值比较偏轻;同时石笋δ~(18)O值在该期也较为偏轻,暗示了此时段季风强盛,气候温暖湿润,地表植被变化稳定。此时人类活动比较弱,对自然环境的影响小,植被变化主要受自然气候环境的影响;(2)3.0~0 ka BP期间,石笋δ~(13)C记录不再呈现如第一阶段般平稳变动的趋势,在3.0 ka BP时开始波动下降,在经历1.7 ka BP大幅下降后,δ~(13)C便频繁波动大幅升降。石笋δ~(18)O记录显示该时段季风减弱,气候变干,植被退化,土壤水中溶解的CO_2含量减少。加之该期人类活动剧烈,地表自然植被遭到破坏,当地无机环境更多的参与到地下水循环体系中来,使得石笋δ~(13)C逐渐加重。     

山地土壤—植物系统中汞污染问题的初步调查

调查研究表明：在山地大气、水体质量较好的环境中,柑橘（含汞量）有超标问题,其土壤汞有超背景值现象;而蔬菜土壤则无此问题,其原因可能是由于多年生植物从大气和土壤中富积微量汞的时间较一年生植物长,以及土壤中砂粒结合汞粘粒结合汞具有更高的生物活性