GPS车辆行驶记录定位监控信息管理系统

利用GPS,GIS和GSM等技术,试验开发"GPS车辆行驶记录定位监控信息管理系统"。该系统由GPS定位系统、GPRS/CDMA移动通讯网络、Internet、监控中心组成。对装有车载终端的车辆进行行驶状态的数据采集,通过处理存储到数据库中,为管理人员查阅分析车辆当前状态提供数据。应用信息管理系统后,管理人员能及时了解掌握车辆的方位和状况,提高了生产和安全管理的效率,杜绝了跑私车、绕路行车等现象,有着较好的经济效益。由于信息系统的全天候、全方位监控车辆功能,为应对车辆行驶的安全突发事件的救助和决策提供了有效的手段,具有较好的安全运行效率、社会效益以及广泛的推广应用前景。     

Global Daily Reference Evapotranspiration Modeling and Evaluation1

Abstract: Accurate and reliable evapotranspiration (ET) datasets are crucial in regional water and energy balance studies. Due to the complex instrumentation requirements, actual ET values are generally estimated from reference ET values by adjustment factors using coefficients for water stress and vegetation conditions, commonly referred to as crop coefficients. Until recently, the modeling of reference ET has been solely based on important weather variables collected from weather stations that are generally located in selected agro‐climatic locations. Since 2001, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) has been producing six‐hourly climate parameter datasets that are used to calculate daily reference ET for the whole globe at 1‐degree spatial resolution. The U.S. Geological Survey Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science has been producing daily reference ET (ETo) since 2001, and it has been used on a variety of operational hydrological models for drought and streamflow monitoring all over the world. With the increasing availability of local station‐based reference ET estimates, we evaluated the GDAS‐based reference ET estimates using data from the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS). Daily CIMIS reference ET estimates from 85 stations were compared with GDAS‐based reference ET at different spatial and temporal scales using five‐year daily data from 2002 through 2006. Despite the large difference in spatial scale (point vs. ～100 km grid cell) between the two datasets, the correlations between station‐based ET and GDAS‐ET were very high, exceeding 0.97 on a daily basis to more than 0.99 on time scales of more than 10 days. Both the temporal and spatial correspondences in trend/pattern and magnitudes between the two datasets were satisfactory, suggesting the reliability of using GDAS parameter‐based reference ET for regional water and energy balance studies in many parts of the world. While the study revealed the potential of GDAS ETo for large‐scale hydrological applications, site‐specific use of GDAS ETo in complex hydro‐climatic regions such as coastal areas and rugged terrain may require the application of bias correction and/or disaggregation of the GDAS ETo using downscaling techniques.     

Integrating Sustainable Development into Global Institutions： Reforming the United Nations

This article will briefly outline the origins, structure and functions of United Nations Environment Program and the Commission on Sustainable Development in the context of the goals of ecologically sustainable development （ESD）. Economic development, social development and environmental protection form the three interconnected parts of ESD. The achievements of the key UN environmental institutions and programs in opening up the global system to civil society, the private sector and a diversity of actors and interests, promoting the role of poverty alleviation as part of ESD through the Millennium Development Goals, and facilitating important Multilateral Environmental Agreements should be recognized. However, with these notable exceptions, organizations such as United Nations Environment Program and the Commission on Sustainable Development have become weak in scientific and technical leadership, global policy, co-ordination （inside and outside the UN） and has few achievements in the inter- national and national implementation of obligations and standards in Global Environmental Governance - including enforcement, compliance and effectiveness. This article will outline the key reasons for this inadequacy. Attention will also be focused on the way forward through of a new United Nations Environment Organization. This will require a clarification of purpose and function （within the UN system and as part of global governance structures） as well as consideration of whether it depends on system-wide UN reform. It is recommended that medium and long term strategies for reform are necessary.     

Long-term joint e ect of nutrients and temperature increase on algal growth in Lake Taihu, China

To study how global warming and eutrophication a ect water ecosystems, a multiplicative growth Monod model, modified by incorporating the Arrhenius equation, was applied to Lake Taihu to quantitatively study the relationships between algal biomass and both nutrients and temperature using long-term data. To qualitatively assess which factor was a limitation of the improved model, temperature variables were calculated using annual mean air temperature (AT), water temperature (WT), and their average temperature (ST), while substrate variables were calculated using annual mean total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and their weighted aggregate (R), respectively. The nine fitted curves showed that TN and AT were two important factors influencing algal growth; AT limited growth as algal photosynthesis is mainly carried out near the water surface; N leakage of phytoplankton and internal phosphorus load from sediment explains why TN was the best predictor of peak biomass using the Monod model. The fitted results suggest that annual mean algal biomass increased by 0.145 times when annual mean AT increased by 1.0°C. Results also showed that the more eutrophic the lake, the greater the e ect AT had on algal growth. Subsequently, the long-term joint e ect of annual temperature increase and eutrophication to water ecosystems can be quantitatively assessed and predicted.     

2003~2014年东北三省气溶胶光学厚度变化分析

利用2003~2014年MODIS-Aqua气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）产品、DMSP卫星夜间灯光时间资料和基本气象资料,分析我国东北三省（辽宁、吉林、黑龙江）大气气溶胶光学厚度年际变化及季节变化的空间分布特征.结果表明,东北三省多年平均AOD空间分布存在由大连、沈阳、长春和哈尔滨等城市构成的一个高值带,呈东北-西南走向,多年平均AOD值为0.4~0.8;东北三省植被覆盖率较高的东部和北部是AOD的低值区,多年平均AOD小于0.3;东北三省AOD季节变化为AOD春季到夏季升高,秋季下降,冬季再次升高.东北三省AOD年际变化特征为大部分低值地区呈减小趋势,但以沈阳、长春和哈尔滨为轴线的东北-西南走向的高值区域呈增大趋势,反映了近10多年出现的空气质量两极分化趋势.此外研究了东北三省年均AOD在强、弱西北太平洋夏季风年时的空间分布差异,受地面风场影响,AOD在强季风年时较弱季风年偏低.     

北江流域有机碳侵蚀通量的初步研究

选取北江的河口站断面,对径流进行了5个季节的采样分析.结果表明,北江径流中颗粒有机碳含量随总悬浮物含量的变化而同步变化;溶解有机碳含量与总悬浮物含量之间有时表现微弱的正相关,有时表现微弱的负相关.随着水体总悬浮物含量的增加,总悬浮物中有机碳的质量分数呈对数趋势降低.洪峰时期径流对有机碳的搬运是全年总搬运量的主要部分,这种现象对于溶解有机碳更为显著.初步估算,北江流域的有机碳侵蚀通量为10.01×10⁶g·km^-2·a^-1,其中以颗粒有机碳为主,达到6.54×10⁶g·km^-2·a^-1,溶解有机碳的侵蚀通量为3.47×10⁶g·km^-2·a^-1.北江流域有机碳侵蚀通量的总量和组成特点与多数季风流域具有更大的一致性.     

3S技术在鸟类生态学研究中的应用

随着科学技术的发展"3S"技术在各个领域均得到了广泛的应用.本文介绍了"3S"技术和鸟类生态学的发展历史和研究现状,并对"3S"技术在鸟类生态学中的应该进行综合论述.     

北极陆地生态系统的碳循环与全球温暖化

根据最新研究资料，综述并分析了全球温暖化与北极陆地生态系统碳循环的关系，指出近代全球大气ＣＯ２和ＣＨ４浓度显著增加，并呈现日益加剧的趋势；这些温室气体的浓度上升与全球温暖化密切相关，自本世纪７０年代开始，北极地区的夏季温度显著上升．通过分析北极陆地生态系统的碳循环及其基本特征，发现北极陆地生态系统是一个巨大的土壤碳库，占全球土壤碳库总量的２３７％—３２３％；虽然该系统目前起着大气ＣＯ２汇的作用，但大气ＣＯ２浓度增加导致的气温上升将对北极土壤碳库和ＣＯ２的源汇功能产生深刻影响．     

北京斋堂黄土剖面主要温室气体组分初步研究

全球碳循环研究表明．在北半球中纬度地带可能存在一个陆地生志汇（植被和土壤）。中国黄土分布在北半球中纬度，在CO2未知汇的研究中很可能具有重要作用。通过自制钻机对北京斋堂黄土剖面（L2上部～L1）进行了不同层位（深度）的垂直或水平打钻，利用毛细管负压原理采集到游离气体并进行了主要温室气体CP2、CH4、N2O的浓度和CO2的碳、氧同位素组成分析。此外，还分析了土样的碳酸盐含量及其碳、氧同位素组成。初步研究结果表明，黄土剖面中主要温室气体浓度远比大气中高：CO2浓度为1434．4×10－6～2458．6×10－6，是大气中的3．8～6．5倍；N2O浓度为472．2×10－9～763．9×10－9，是大气中的1．3～2．1倍；CH4浓度在剖面上部与大气中相似，但在下部为13．1×10－6～24．8×10-6，为大气中的5．4～10．2倍。斋堂黄土剖面中的破酸盐含量为1．55％～9．75％，CO2浓度与碳酸盐含量成正比关系。尽管黄土－古土壤序列富含碳酸盐，但需进一步开展黄土中的CO2浓度及碳同位素工作，以便了解黄土中CO2在全球碳循环中的地位和作用。