定西半干旱丘陵沟壑区资源节约型农业技术运用与评价

在分析以定西为代表的半干旱丘陵沟壑区农业资源特征的基础上，着重讨论了资源节约型农业技术的定界及其发展现状和作用，阐述了集水补灌等资源节约型农业技术持续发展的方向，以便为同类地区农业高效发展提供调控依据。     

地球早期生命环境的演化

地质记录告诉我们，在地球约46亿年的整个历史中经历了无数次大大小小的劫难，其中在地球生命处于起源和早期演化阶段的前寒武纪，首先是“狂轰滥炸”，4.5亿-3.8亿年前由太阳系形成时留下的岩石林-小行星仍不断撞击着地球并烧焦了整个地球；后来的“雪球”，2.2亿-1.8亿年及大约6亿年前也许是大气中氧气的增加或/和二氧化碳或/和氨气或/和甲烷等温室气体的缩减，使我们的星球进入冰封期，显然，生命挺过了所有的磨难，并以柔克刚的脱颖而出。甚至与环境相互作用共同向高级阶段演化。在至少38亿年前，随着“狂轰滥炸”的停止，原始的生命也许已出现在地球上，到大约5.8亿年前，“雪球”刚结束，新元古代末期的埃迪卡拉大辐射和早寒武纪生命大爆发就接接踵而来，似乎早期地球生命大的进步性演化都是由大的劫难诱发的。     

A national critical loads framework for atmospheric deposition effects assessment: I. Method summary

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), with the assistance of the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is examining the utility of a critical loads approach for evaluating atmospheric pollutant effects on sensitive ecosystems. A critical load has been defined as, “a quantitative estimate of an exposure to one or more pollutants below which significant harmful effects on specified sensitive elements of the environment do not occur according to present knowledge.” Working in cooperation with the United Nations Economic Community for Europe’s (UN-ECE) Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) Convention, the EPA has developed a flexible, six-step approach for setting critical loads for a range of ecosystem types. The framework is based on regional population characteristics of the ecosystem(s) of concern. The six steps of the approach are: (1) selection of ecosystem components, indicators, and characterization of the resource; (2) definition of functional subregions; (3) characterization of deposition within each of the subregions; (4) definition of an assessment end point; (5) selection and application of models; and (6) mapping projected ecosystem responses. The approach allows for variable ecosystem characteristics and data availability. Specific recognition of data and model uncertainties is an integral part of the process, and the use of multiple models to obtain ranges of critical loads estimates for each ecosystem component in a region is encouraged. Through this intercomparison process uncertainties in critical loads projections can be estimated. The research described in this article has been funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This document has been prepared at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, through contract #68-C8-0006 with Man Tech Environmental Technology, Inc. It has been subjected to the agency’s peer and administrative review and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorse ment or recommendation for use.     

建立可持续发展的大协调社会机制

本文运用大协调学的基本观点，提出了建立可持续发展社会机制的主张，并具体阐述了大协调经济机制、法律机制和伦理舆论机制。     

昆明市域不同生态功能类型区景观格局与生态服务价值分析

以昆明市域的8个生态功能类型区为研究对象，利用2005年土地利用变更调查数据和相关统计资料，对不同类型区的景观格局指标和生态服务价值进行计算和分析。结果表明：①整个昆明市域有较高的景观多样性和异质性，而8个类型区之间差异较大；②2005年昆明市域的生态服务价值总量为339．7124亿元，各类型区中，生态服务价值总量和单位面积生态服务价值量最高的分别是农业发展功能区和水源涵养功能区，而两者都最低的是城镇建设功能区；③农业发展功能区在景观格局特征和单位面积生态服务价值量等方面，与昆明市域的平均状况非常相似；④有些类型区在景观格局特征或生态服务价值结构上，有较大的相似性；⑤林地、水域在各类型区的地位非常突出，支配着景观的多样性稳定性，并提高了生态服务价值总量和单位面积产出量。     

Scientific collectives in region-building processes

During the last 30 years, growing demand for science-based policy making has contributed to the mobilization of scientific cooperation alongside transnational political arrangements for addressing environmental issues. Following the contemporary trend toward regionalizing environmental policy and practice, many of these scientific joint efforts have focused on a regional scale. This article examines regional scientific cooperation in the context of the institutionalization of mountain regions in Europe. Such cooperation can be observed from the Pyrenees to Central Asia, albeit with a degree of variation that largely remains unexplored in scientific research. Sometimes scientific cooperation served to lay the groundwork of a mountain policy initiative, other times it appeared in its wake; some examples appear as loose networks of individual scientists, others are set up as formalized monitoring and observation centers; finally, some scientific joint efforts are formally linked to, or incorporated in a mountain policy initiative, while others are largely independent. The article proposes a new typology for understanding the interactions between regional scientific mobilization and regional policy making and provides up-to-date portraits of six main cases.     

Demographic Processes Underlying Population Growth and Decline in Salamandra salamandra

Abstract:  Human activity commonly has negative impacts on wildlife. Often, however, only a single element of the life cycle is affected, and it is unclear whether such effects translate into effects on population growth. This is particularly true for research into the causes of global amphibian declines, where experimental research focuses primarily on the aquatic larval stages but theory suggests these stages have only minor importance for population growth. We used data from long-term mark-recapture studies of two natural populations of the salamander Salamandra salamandra to confirm the predictions of population models. One population remained stable (i.e., stationary) throughout the 20 years of the study whereas the other declined to local extinction. We used mark-recapture models to break down population growth rate into its two main components, recruitment and adult survival. Survival of postmetamorphic salamanders was constant over time in the stable population, whereas the declining population was characterized by a decrease in survival and constant recruitment. Population growth was most sensitive to variation in adult survival. Current amphibian research focuses on preadult stages, and researchers assume recruitment is the most important determinant of population growth. This may not be the case. A better understanding of amphibian population dynamics is possible only through the integration of experiments, theory, and data from natural populations. Our results also suggest that amphibian conservation efforts should focus on all stages of the life cycle and their associated habitats.     

水质模型参数优化的遗传算法实现及控制参数分析

参数识别是数学模型应用的前提.遗传算法是一种通用的全局优化算法,结构简单.一个实际应用问题能否利用遗传算法解决,关键在于遗传算法的设计和控制参数的选取.本文结合水质模型参数优化的特点,提出采用正交试验设计的方法来考察遗传算法不同控制参数对参数优化性能的影响,结果显示,正交法较好地识别了关键影响因素,并提出可能的最优方案.表明遗传算法能较好地应用于复杂多参数水质模型的参数识别研究.     

半干旱地区环境因子与果园表层土壤水溶性Na~+累积的关系

综合环境因素影响下土壤中钠的迁移和累积是阐明土壤次生盐渍化演替规律的重要内容之一.本研究以甘肃省秦安县兴国镇郑川村的3个有代表性的盐渍化果园为研究对象.通过对苹果(Malus pumila Mill.)树生长危害期(4-8月)的环境因子(果园近地面空气温度、相对湿度、潜在蒸发量、降雨量、土温、土壤水分)进行定点定位监测以及果园土壤表层不同土层水溶性Na+的定期采样分析,利用相关和回归分析的方法,研究了半干旱地区果园表层土壤水溶性Na+与环境因子的关系.结果表明,气温升高有利于表层不同土层水溶性Na+的累积,空气相对湿度增大能抑制表层不同土层土壤水溶性Na+的累积.不同土层水溶性Na+的含量与土温呈正相关关系,与0～2 cm、2～5 cm、10～15 cm、15～20 cm、20～25 cm土层土壤水分含量呈负相关关系,与5～10 cm土层土壤水分含量呈正相关关系.水分亏值分别与0～2 cm、2～5 cm、10～15 cm、15～20 cm、20～25 cm土层水溶性Na+的含量呈正相关关系.与5～10 cm土层水溶性Na+的含量呈负相关关系,并科学的提出表层土壤5～10 cm土层是水溶性Na+对环境因子(蒸发量与降雨量)反应的灵敏层.     

民勤沙尘源区近地面降尘特征研究

借助近地面沙尘暴监测系统进行沙尘暴监测,分析民勤沙尘源区近地面降尘分布特征.结果表明:民勤降尘量与沙尘天气发生频率密切相关,春季3,4月沙尘高发期月降尘量分别为9.0和9.5 mg/cm2.降尘随距地面高度的增加而减小,最大降尘出现在近地面1 m处,月降尘量为9.7 mg/cm2;降尘受下垫面条件影响较大,从荒漠区到绿洲边缘,风速减弱4.11%,总降尘量由25.0 mg/cm2减少到20.6 mg/cm2;绿洲内部受防护林作用,风速减弱30.45%,总降尘量增到24.6 mg/cm2,最大降尘量提高到近地面9 m处,与绿洲防护林冠层平均高度相吻合.风速对近地面20m内的降尘影响明显,平均降尘量2.5 mg/cm2.距地面9 m的高度范围内,降尘随持续时间变化迅速增加,降尘增量可达3.1 mg/cm2.