基于MSIASM方法的中国不同区域社会代谢分析

通过社会代谢多尺度综合分析方法,评价东北、华北、西北、西南、华中、华东2003年和2007年的社会代谢状况,并结合社会代谢多尺度综合分析与因素分解等方法进行对比分析,识别出限制区域可持续发展的关键因素。结果表明,华北、东北、西北、华中和华东区迫切需要采取措施调整区域产业结构;西南区亟需加大资本技术的引进力度,以解决不同区域经济发展中的资本技术聚集与区域产业结构的不协调问题。从与2003年的对比来看,2007年社会负担出现南方转移到北方的倾向,而且除东北地区外其他地区的资源品质和数量与技术水平的改善状况与社会发展需求不相协调,致使六大区的社会代谢状况略显异常。     

卧龙自然保护区华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida）生态学特征随海拔梯度的变化

海拔梯度由于包含了温度、水分、光照等环境因子的剧烈变化而成为研究植物的环境适应性及其对全球气候变化响应的理想区域。在卧龙自然保护区沿海拔梯度研究了华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida（Mitford）T.P.Yi）分株的丛结构,比叶面积（SLA）、基径、株高、枝下高、单株地上部生物量及各器官生物量的分配。结果表明：华西箭竹丛结构表现为平均单丛面积和丛密度随着海拔升高呈先增大后降低的趋势,而单丛分株数先减少后增大;华西箭竹分株生长特征除SLA和枝下高线性降低,其他各调查变量随着海拔升高,总体呈先增大后减小的单峰变化趋势,高峰值在2 800 m附近。反映了环境因子随海拔升高的非线性变化。分析认为,高海拔地区的华西箭竹对温度较为敏感,气候变暖将有利于它的生长,因此其分布上限可能会提高。本研究结果拓展和丰富了海拔梯度上植物对异质性环境的适应和响应的规律研究,也可对地震后保护区植被的恢复与重建提供科学参考。     

半干旱地区环境因子与果园表层土壤水溶性Na~+累积的关系

综合环境因素影响下土壤中钠的迁移和累积是阐明土壤次生盐渍化演替规律的重要内容之一.本研究以甘肃省秦安县兴国镇郑川村的3个有代表性的盐渍化果园为研究对象.通过对苹果(Malus pumila Mill.)树生长危害期(4-8月)的环境因子(果园近地面空气温度、相对湿度、潜在蒸发量、降雨量、土温、土壤水分)进行定点定位监测以及果园土壤表层不同土层水溶性Na+的定期采样分析,利用相关和回归分析的方法,研究了半干旱地区果园表层土壤水溶性Na+与环境因子的关系.结果表明,气温升高有利于表层不同土层水溶性Na+的累积,空气相对湿度增大能抑制表层不同土层土壤水溶性Na+的累积.不同土层水溶性Na+的含量与土温呈正相关关系,与0～2 cm、2～5 cm、10～15 cm、15～20 cm、20～25 cm土层土壤水分含量呈负相关关系,与5～10 cm土层土壤水分含量呈正相关关系.水分亏值分别与0～2 cm、2～5 cm、10～15 cm、15～20 cm、20～25 cm土层水溶性Na+的含量呈正相关关系.与5～10 cm土层水溶性Na+的含量呈负相关关系,并科学的提出表层土壤5～10 cm土层是水溶性Na+对环境因子(蒸发量与降雨量)反应的灵敏层.     

北京及周边地区大气污染数值模拟研究

北京周边地区污染源对北京市区大气环境的影响不可忽视.利用区域大气污染模式,系统模拟分析2002-08-17T09:00-2002-08-29T08:00污染传输过程;选择典型污染时段,结合气象资料进行比较分析,计算各时段周边地区和北京自身大气污染物对北京大气环境污染的贡献和贡献率;进一步证实了在大气条件有利于污染物输送的背景下,周边地区污染源的中远距离输送对北京大气环境质量的影响不可忽略.研究表明:有特殊天气背景时,即研究区域在西南风气流场的控制之下,周边地区污染源对北京的贡献比北京自身的大;没有特殊天气时,北京自身的贡献大于周边地区对其的贡献.      

民勤沙尘源区近地面降尘特征研究

借助近地面沙尘暴监测系统进行沙尘暴监测,分析民勤沙尘源区近地面降尘分布特征.结果表明:民勤降尘量与沙尘天气发生频率密切相关,春季3,4月沙尘高发期月降尘量分别为9.0和9.5 mg/cm2.降尘随距地面高度的增加而减小,最大降尘出现在近地面1 m处,月降尘量为9.7 mg/cm2;降尘受下垫面条件影响较大,从荒漠区到绿洲边缘,风速减弱4.11%,总降尘量由25.0 mg/cm2减少到20.6 mg/cm2;绿洲内部受防护林作用,风速减弱30.45%,总降尘量增到24.6 mg/cm2,最大降尘量提高到近地面9 m处,与绿洲防护林冠层平均高度相吻合.风速对近地面20m内的降尘影响明显,平均降尘量2.5 mg/cm2.距地面9 m的高度范围内,降尘随持续时间变化迅速增加,降尘增量可达3.1 mg/cm2.      

Advancing the debate on a world environment organization

With the beginning of the new millennium, the longstanding need for reform of the United Nations system has gained new momentum. Efficiency gains and better coordination are desirable, though not sufficient to bring about improvement in international relations. There is need, therefore, to look for institutional innovations that would upgrade the pressing tasks of environmental and development policy in the eyes of national governments, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations, improve the institutional setting for the negotiation and implementation of new agreements and action programs, and strengthen the action capacity of the developing countries on these matters. The present article points to and elaborates on the need for a World Environment and Development Organization within the United Nations system, and outlines the shape it might be given.     

Market System to Curtail Emission Magnitudes Evolved from Electricity Generation

The recent resolution of the seventh Conference of the Parties to the Climate Convention (COP7) indicates that if a country is required to comply with the pollution limit, part of the required reduction in levels of emission will have to be achieved domestically. With this status quo, policy practitioners may opt to design emission level standards along with the provision of allowing access to the international permit market that may facilitate carbon offset crediting to the country. In policy formulation cognate to electricity generation through coal combustion, it is suggested that end-users will pay emission compliance costs in terms of the price of electricity usage and the companies will offer a rebate on reduction to those who curtail the level of usage of electricity. Under the scheme proposed, the generating company(s) will face the consequences if it fails to comply to domestic emission standards. In practice, the proposed method can ensure Pareto efficiency and exhibit Pareto improvement in two-party cases where both parties have joint interest in profit maximization, but they may have dichotomy in their activities. In dealing with domestic greenhouse gas issues, the proposal becomes appealing to parties for reducing the level of emissions. Moreover, it may produce a greater degree of abatement of CO₂ emissions over the levels of abatement resulting from policies of consumer or producer liability assignments.     

Electronic labelling in recycling of manufactured articles

The concept of a recycling system aiming at the recovery of resources from manufactured articles is proposed. The system integrates electronic labels for product identification and internet for global data exchange. A prototype for the recycling of electric motors has been developed, which implements a condition-based recycling decision system to automatically select the environmentally and economically appropriate recycling strategy, thereby opening a potential market for second-hand motors and creating a profitable recycling process itself. The project has been designed to evaluate the feasibility of electronic identification applied on a large number of motors and to validate the system in real field conditions.     

The application of geographic information systems and global positioning systems in humanitarian emergencies: lessons learned,programme implications and future research

Geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems and remote sensing have been increasingly used in public health settings since the 1990s, but application of these methods in humanitarian emergencies has been less documented. Recent areas of application of GIS methods in humanitarian emergencies include hazard, vulnerability, and risk assessments; rapid assessment and survey methods; disease distribution and outbreak investigations; planning and implementation of health information systems; data and programme integration; and programme monitoring and evaluation. The main use of GIS in these areas is to provide maps for decision-making and advocacy, which allow overlaying types of information that may not normally be linked. GIS is also used to improve data collection in the field (for example, for rapid health assessments or mortality surveys). Development of GIS methods requires further research. Although GIS methods may save resources and reduce error, initial investment in equipment and capacity building may be substantial. Especially in humanitarian emergencies, equipment and methodologies must be practical and appropriate for field use. Add-on software to process GIS data needs to be developed and modified. As equipment becomes more user-friendly and costs decrease, GIS will become more of a routine tool for humanitarian aid organisations in humanitarian emergencies, and new and innovative uses will evolve.     

一般持续发展论（下）

本文比较全面地论述了持续发展的由来、概念、目标和战略要素。作者指出,持续发展的提出反映了人类对自身与环境关系的认识进入新阶段;是既满足当代人和局部需要又不危害后代人和全球满足需要能力的发展,包括一般持续发展论、全球持续性、区域持续性和部门持续性。作者认为,社会福利既包括人造产品也包括自然资本,持续发展的目标在于促进社会福利的增长与公平分配,以及生态系统的持续性;而达到持续发展目标的战略要素则包括经济结构的生态现代化、实行以预防为主的环境政策、经济机制的生态现代化、实行有控制的人口转变以及反贫困。在目标和战略要素的论述中,作者提出了发达和发展中国家(地区)应分别实行强持续性和弱持续性。