洱海流域稻鸭共作对稻田温室气体排放和水稻产量的影响

稻季是水旱轮作生态系统温室气体排放的主要时期,探索有效措施实现稻季温室气体减排和水稻增产已成为当前研究的热点.稻鸭共作是减少稻季温室气体排放的有效措施之一,而确定合理的稻鸭共作密度对确保洱海流域水稻产量基础上实现温室气体减排具有重要意义.该研究通过设置不同稻鸭共作密度试验,采取密闭静态箱—气相色谱法研究了稻鸭共作对温室气体排放规律、排放量及全球增温潜势(GWP)的影响.结果表明:水稻生育期,CH_4和N_2O均在分蘖期和结实期出现排放峰;CH_4排放通量、累计排放量和总排放量大小均为常规处理(CT)低密度鸭处理(LDD)高密度鸭处理(HDD)空白处理(CK),而N_2O为HDDLDDCTCK.与CT相比,CK、LDD、HDD的CH_4排放总量分别降低45%、18%、25%,N_2O排放总量分别降低8%、增加11%和37%,温室气体综合增温潜势分别降低41%、14%、17%.田面水DO、NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N及土壤温度是引起温室气体CH_4和N_2O排放差异的主要因素.不同处理的水稻产量为LDDCKCTHDD.合理的稻鸭共作密度降低CH_4排放,增加N_2O排放,减缓全球增温潜势,提高了水稻产量.兼顾水稻产量和温室气体减排效果,LDD处理综合效益最好.     

山地土壤微生物地理分布格局及其驱动机制

土壤微生物不仅是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,也是地上、地下过程与功能有机结合的重要纽带。分子生物技术的发展以及土壤微生物分离和鉴定准确性的提高,推动了土壤微生物生物地理学的不断发展,但宏观尺度上的格局特征与区域规律尚未揭示。本文集成分析了全球不同气候带、不同植被类型的土壤微生物群落组成（生物多样性）沿海拔梯度的地理分布格局,发现在全球尺度上并无一致规律,线性（递增或递减）、非线性（单峰或双峰）、无固定趋势3种地理格局并存。植被类型、植物多样性、土壤pH及其它物理化学性质、气候等各种因素,都有可能决定某一地区的土壤微生物多样性的海拔梯度分布格局。全球尺度上的现有数据分析发现,海拔跨度和气候的影响较为明显,二者实际上综合反映了大尺度上气候决定着山地土壤微生物的地理分布格局,这与传统的生物地理学观点是一致的,其它生态环境因子如地理坐标、植被类型、土壤微生物类型、土壤pH等的影响处于从属地位。然而,当前山地土壤微生物生物地理学的研究仍有较多局限性,全球更多山地、更大海拔跨度的土壤微生物研究、更精确的微生物分离鉴定技术、更多样的环境与生物驱动因素分析,以及更多现代生物地理学研究方法的使用,将有助于土壤微生物地理分布格局的深入研究,及其与气候、土壤和生态系统关系的深入挖掘,这对深刻认识土壤微生物的空间分布规律,从而更好地开发和利用土壤微生物资源,具有重要的理论与实践意义。     

A Water Yield‐Oriented Practical Approach for Multifunctional Forest Management and its Application in Dryland Regions of China

Mountainous forest areas are vitally important for water supply in dryland regions which suffer from high erosion risk and severe water shortage. Massive afforestation, mainly for erosion control, may reduce the water yield and threaten local water supply security. Moreover, many over‐dense forests due to a strict logging ban policy have produced remarkably negative impacts for both forests (e.g., low timber quality, restricted natural regeneration, and high stand instability) and water yield. To satisfy the rapidly increasing demands on water supply and other services, a practical approach for managing forest stands in a multifunctional way, which particularly addresses water yielding, is urgently required. For this purpose, we integrated the existing knowledge and experience, designed an “ideal” stand structure to represent multifunctional forest (MFF) and determined its key parameters (a ground coverage of >0.7, a canopy density around 0.7, and an H/DBH ratio (tree height [m] to the diameter at breast height [cm]) of <0.7). Moreover, a decision process for MFF stand management was recommended as: (1) investigating the site quality; (2) identifying the site‐specific main forest functions; (3) quantifying the stand structure; (4) diagnosing the stand structure by comparing with the “ideal” one; and (5) arranging the functions/structure‐oriented management measures. In this way, the water‐yielding function can be improved and meanwhile other forest functions can be promoted.     

韩国济州岛火山及其与中国五大连池、雷琼火山的对比

论述了韩国济州岛各类型火山与熔岩隧道的地质特征,与中国五大连池、雷琼火山进行对比,指出其各自具有的特色。简述了济州岛世界自然遗产、世界生物圈保护区与世界地质公园概况,并对世界地质公园研究、博物馆建设与室内外石文化解说进行了讨论。     

金丁剖面MIS3阶段黄土地层记录的温湿气候特征初步研究

通过对黄土高原中北部金丁镇马兰黄土中磁化率、Rb/Sr、全铁含量(TFe)与化学蚀变指数(CIA)等气候指标测试分析,并结合光释光年代学数据,着重地探讨了金丁剖面黄土地层记录的MIS3阶段气候变化特征。研究表明,金丁剖面MIS3阶段总体气候特征温湿,冷暖气候频繁波动,可进一步划分为5个阶段:51.6~44.9ka B.P.,弱温湿;42.0~39.9ka B.P.,中等温湿;37.4~27.8ka B.P.,相对强温湿;以及44.9~42.0ka B.P.和39.9~37.4ka B.P.两个冷干期。金丁剖面MIS3温湿气候成因机制的初步探讨认为北半球太阳辐射量增加导致的增温作用更直接,而高纬驱动与低纬过程耦合作用机制尚待开展进一步研究工作。     

Growth of non-English-language literature on biodiversity conservation

English is widely recognized as the language of science, and English-language publications (ELPs) are rapidly increasing. It is often assumed that the number of non-ELPs is decreasing. This assumption contributes to the underuse of non-ELPs in conservation science, practice, and policy, especially at the international level. However, the number of conservation articles published in different languages is poorly documented. Using local and international search systems, we searched for scientific articles on biodiversity conservation published from 1980 to 2018 in English and 15 non-English languages. We compared the growth rate in publications across languages. In 12 of the 15 non-English languages, published conservation articles significantly increased every year over the past 39 years, at a rate similar to English-language articles. The other three languages showed contrasting results, depending on the search system. Since the 1990s, conservation science articles in most languages increased exponentially. The variation in the number of non-English-language articles identified among the search systems differed markedly (e.g., for simplified Chinese, 11,148 articles returned with local search system and 803 with Scopus). Google Scholar and local literature search systems returned the most articles for 11 and 4 non-English languages, respectively. However, the proportion of peer-reviewed conservation articles published in non-English languages was highest in Scopus, followed by Web of Science and local search systems, and lowest in Google Scholar. About 20% of the sampled non-English-language articles provided no title or abstract in English; thus, in theory, they were undiscoverable with English keywords. Possible reasons for this include language barriers and the need to disseminate research in countries where English is not widely spoken. Given the known biases in statistical methods and study characteristics between English- and non-English-language studies, non-English-language articles will continue to play an important role in improving the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation.     

Prioritizing forest management actions to benefit marine habitats in data-poor regions

Land-use change is considered one of the greatest human threats to marine ecosystems globally. Given limited resources for conservation, we adapted and scaled up a spatially explicit, linked land–sea decision support tool using open access global geospatial data sets and software to inform the prioritization of future forest management interventions that can have the greatest benefit on marine conservation in Vanuatu. We leveraged and compared outputs from two global marine habitat maps to prioritize land areas for forest conservation and restoration that can maximize sediment retention, water quality, and healthy coastal/marine ecosystems. By combining the outputs obtained from both marine habitat maps, we incorporated elements unique to each and provided higher confidence in our prioritization results. Regardless of marine habitat data source, prioritized areas were mostly located in watersheds on the windward side of the large high islands, exposed to higher tropical rainfall, upstream from large sections of coral reef and seagrass habitats, and thus vulnerable to human-driven land use change. Forest protection and restoration in these areas will serve to maintain clean water and healthy, productive habitats through sediment retention, supporting the wellbeing of neighboring communities. The nationwide application of this linked land–sea tool can help managers prioritize watershed-based management actions based on quantitative synergies and trade-offs across terrestrial and marine ecosystems in data-poor regions. The framework developed here will guide the implementation of ridge-to-reef management across the Pacific region and beyond.     

冬季绿肥对黄土高原旱作春玉米农田土壤温室气体排放的影响

利用田间试验研究了冬季绿肥对旱作春玉米农田土壤温室气体排放的影响.试验设燕麦、小扁豆、燕麦与小扁豆混播和裸地休闲共4个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对冬闲期和春玉米生长期间土壤温室气体（CO₂、N₂ O和CH₄）排放通量进行观测.结果表明,旱作春玉米-冬季绿肥种植系统土壤是CO₂、N₂ O的排放源和CH₄的吸收汇.与裸地休闲相比,燕麦和小扁豆在冬闲期对土壤CO₂累积排放量没有影响,但在春玉米生长期间导致土壤CO₂累积排放量分别增加了7.77%和25.7%（P<0.05）,混播导致冬闲期和春玉米生长期间土壤CO₂累积排放量分别增加了19.1%和14.5%（P<0.05）.种植燕麦后冬闲期和春玉米生长期间土壤N₂ O累积排放量较裸地休闲分别降低了11.6%和14.7%（P<0.05）,而小扁豆分别增加了31.9%和14.9%（P<0.05）;混播导致冬闲期土壤N₂ O累积排放量降低了19.2%（P<0.05）,但在春玉米生长期间差异不显著.与裸地休闲相比,燕麦、小扁豆和混播冬闲期土壤CH₄累积吸收量分别降低了37.9%、23.6%和29.6%（P<0.05）,春玉米生长期间分别降低了19.4%、33.5%和31.5%（P<0.05）,其中小扁豆和混播在冬闲期和春玉米生长期间差异均不显著.燕麦较裸地休闲在农田综合增温潜势（GWP）、春玉米产量和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）差异均不显著.小扁豆和混播显著提高了GWP,其中小扁豆显著高于混播.而与裸地休闲相比,小扁豆和混播分别提高了春玉米产量的20.3%和15.4%（P<0.05）,但对GHGI没有显著影响.综合考虑GWP、春玉米产量和GHGI,本地区冬闲期间将小扁豆和燕麦二者混播能增加春玉米产量的同时有效降低土壤温室气体排放强度.     

后疫情重建阶段的碳排放趋势与减排策略研究

本研究利用北京理工大学最新研发的环境经济系统多主体模型,实现了对中国不同部门CO_2排放的中短期高精度模拟,研究在后疫情重建阶段中国财政刺激政策以及行业减排路径对碳排放与经济增长的影响。结果表明,由于"新基建"等疫后重建活动较多针对受疫情直接影响的人类活动高度聚集部门,若财政刺激政策与疫情防控在时间上保持同步,则前者对CO_2排放的增加效果不超过0.4%。各行业减排组合情景下CO_2排放增长率在2021年中位值为4.7%,之后直到"十五五"初期,各情景中位值在1.0%～1.4%。碳排放增长率具体取决于行业的低碳转型速度。相对于"十四五"单位经济产出CO_2排放降低18%的目标,各行业若减碳速度加倍,对降低中国碳排放贡献程度由高到低依次为电力、钢铁、水泥、交通及石化。仅在电力行业加速减碳的各情景下,中国可以在"十四五"至"十五五"初期将CO_2排放维持在稳定水平。与此同时,随着疫情减弱和经济系统中各主体适应性增强,中国GDP将维持平稳增长。上述结果表明,将疫后经济重建与绿色转型相结合,有望在实现经济持续增长的同时,使碳排放按时甚至提前达峰。     

林火在空间上的波动性及其对全球变化的响应(Ⅱ)

应用黑龙江省1980～1999年林火数据，分别计算出每年火灾发生的火点的质心经纬度坐标和火场面积质心的经纬度坐标，用其质心坐标与同期的年平均气温和年降水量进行回归分析。结果表明：年降水量和年平均气温对火点和火场质心的波动性具有明显的影响，降水对火场与火点质心在纬度方向的波动影响不敏感，气温对其影响敏感。气温和降水对火场和火点质心在经度方向的波动性均表现敏感。气温升高，火场和火点质心均向北、向西移动，反之，则向东、南移动。火场和火点质心随降水量增加会向西和向南移动，反之，则向东、北移动。