利用第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮浓度作为MUCT工艺运行控制参数

以模拟生活污水为对象考察了第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮质量浓度(SNO-3)作为MUCT工艺运行控制参数的可行性.将进水COD质量浓度恒定为(290±10)mg.L-1,TN质量浓度恒定为(55±0.5)mg.L-1,TP质量浓度恒定为(7.0±0.5)mg.L-1,改变第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮质量浓度以比较各段出水TN和TP质量浓度.结果表明,SNO-3值显著影响着出水TN和TP质量浓度,控制内循环回流量维持SNO-3为2.5 mg.L-1,可实现MUCT工艺的最优控制.利用各段硝酸盐氮和TP平均质量浓度进行的物料平衡计算结果表明SNO-3是影响厌氧段释磷量、第一缺氧段和第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮反应量、第二缺氧段吸磷量的重要参数.     

强化生物除磷系统微生物群落结构对水温变化响应的试验研究

在富集聚磷菌(PAOs)且具有较高磷去除率的强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统中,通过对系统水温的控制,研究了EBPR系统微生物群落结构对温度升高和恢复的响应.结果表明,运行温度上升后,EBPR系统除磷效率急速下降.处理水温为25℃和30℃的系统恢复至20℃运行后能够恢复至原始的良好除磷状态,而处理水温为35℃的系统崩溃(磷...     

镁离子浓度对SBR生物除磷系统的影响

通过不投加镁离子（R1）、投加8 mg/L镁离子（R2）以及投加24 mg/L镁离子（R3）,分析镁离子对SBR生物除磷体系的影响.结果表明,适量镁离子的添加会加速聚磷菌的富集,有助于维持生物除磷系统的稳定运行.在稳定运行阶段,镁离子不充足的系统（R1）磷酸盐去除率逐渐下降至50%以下,系统呈恶化趋势,而在镁离子充足的...     

低C/N(<3)条件下SNEDPR系统启动及其脱氮除磷特性研究

为了解同步硝化内源反硝化除磷（SNEDPR）系统处理低C/N（<3）污水的脱氮除磷特性,采用厌氧/低氧（溶解氧0.5~1.0mg/L）运行的SBR反应器,以低碳城市污水为处理对象,考察了C/N对SNEDPR启动、脱氮除磷性能优化与菌群结构变化的影响.结果表明：进水C/N由4.3提高至5.15时,系统脱氮除磷性能均逐渐增强,系统总氮（TN）和PO₄^3--P去除率最高达89.3%和90.6%;降低进水C/N <3后,系统脱氮、除磷性能均呈现先降低后逐渐升高的趋势,但低C/N对PAOs（聚磷菌）除磷性能的影响高于其对反硝化聚糖菌（DGAOs）内源反硝化脱氮性能的影响,表现为TN和PO₄^3--P去除率分别先降低至21.4%和3.4%后逐渐升高至92.9%和94.1%.系统稳定运行阶段,单位COD平均释磷量和SNED率达437.1mgP/gCOD和89.1%,出水NH₄⁺-N、NO_x^--N和PO₄^3--P浓度平均为0,4.4,0.2mg/L.经136d的运行,系统内PAOs,GAOs,AOB（氨氧化菌）和NOB（亚硝酸盐氧化菌）分别占全菌的（16±3）%,（8±3）%,（7±3）%和（3±1）%,其保证了系统除磷、硝化和反硝化脱氮性能.此外,系统好氧段存在同步短程硝化内源反硝化,是实现低C/N（<3）污水高效脱氮除磷的原因.     

水质基准两栖类受试生物筛选

两栖动物是水生生态系统的重要生物群落,是水生生物基准的重要保护对象. 参照美国水生生物基准技术指南,搜集、筛选了12种本土代表性两栖动物的生物毒性数据,通过毒性数据分析,筛选出对两栖动物毒性最大的污染物,主要包括农药、重金属和杀虫剂三大类,以及4属基准研究受试生物. 在4属(5种)受试生物中,黑眶蟾蜍对硝酸银的累积概率为15%,六趾蛙对马拉硫磷的累积概率为1%,牛蛙对五氯酚的累积概率为8%,棘胸蛙对丙溴磷的累积概率为27%,虎纹蛙对硫丹的累积概率为29%. 结果表明:蛙属(六趾蛙)对农药、蛙属(牛蛙)对杀虫剂、蟾蜍属(黑框蟾蜍)对重金属均为敏感物种,虎纹蛙属(虎纹蛙)对农药、棘蛙属(棘胸蛙)对杀虫剂均为较敏感物种. 这4属(5种)两栖动物可以作为相关污染物的水质基准研究的受试物种.      

缺氧反应时间对反硝化除磷系统脱氮除磷效果的影响

反硝化除磷工艺具有节省碳源、曝气量以及污泥产量低等优点,因而在处理城市生活污水中具有显著优势。反硝化除磷效能主要在缺氧阶段完成。缺氧时间直接影响系统的脱氮除磷效率。本实验以SBR反应器在厌氧/缺氧/好氧条件下富含的反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)为研究对象,通过调节不同的缺氧反应时间(150 min,210 min和270 min),考察缺氧反应时间冲击对下一周期代谢的影响和长期对整个反硝化除磷系统的影响。冲击实验发现:缺氧时间的改变基本不影响下一周期挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的吸收以及硝氮去除。在长期缺氧反应时间不同的系统中,当缺氧时间分别为150 min、210 min和270 min时,除磷效率分别是-10.4%、62.5%、73.6%,脱氮率均达到100%。当缺氧反应时间从150 min延长到270 min时,微生物体内聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)水平和聚磷(poly-P)水平以及释磷量都升高。实验表明,缺氧时间的适当延长利于提高除磷效率。     

Measuring biomass specific ammonium, nitrite and phosphate uptake rates in aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology offers the possibility to remove organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in a single reactor system. The granular structure is stratified in such a way that both aerobic and anaerobic/anoxic layers are present. Since most of the biological processes in AGS systems occur simultaneously, the measurement and estimation of the capacity of specific conversions is complicated compared to suspended biomass. The determination of the activities of different functional groups in aerobic granular sludge allows for identification of the potential metabolic capacity of the sludge and aids to analyze bioreactor performance. It allows for comparison of different sludges and enables improved understanding of the interaction and competition between different metabolic groups of microorganisms. The most appropriate experimental conditions and methods to determine specific ammonium, nitrite and phosphate uptake rates under normal operation of AGS reactors were evaluated and described in this study. Extra biomass characterization experiments determining the maximum uptake rate of these compounds on optimized conditions were performed as well to see how much spare capacity was available. The methodologies proposed may serve as an experimental frame of reference for investigating the metabolic capacities of microbial functional groups in biofilm processes.     

Trace metals assessment in water, sediment, mussel and seagrass species--validation of the use of Posidonia oceanica as a metal biomonitor

The accumulation of trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb) was measured in water, sediment, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Samples were collected in three locations of the north-western Mediterranean (Canari, Livorno and Porto-Torres) which present different levels and sources of human impact. Analyses in the different compartments (water, sediment, M. galloprovincialis and P. oceanica) have allowed to identify Canari as the most Cd, Co, Cr and Ni contaminated site; Livorno as the most Hg contaminated and Porto-Torres as the most Pb contaminated. Furthermore, for the first time, metal concentrations found in P. oceanica have been compared with those found in the water column, in the sediment and in the recognized metal bio-indicator species M. galloprovincialis and the results obtained have led to the same conclusions. Thus, this study allows to validate the use of P. oceanica as metal biomonitor of coastal waters.     

侧流化学除磷对AO连续流生物除磷系统的影响

为解决城市污水高效除磷和磷回收的问题,开发厌氧释磷上清液侧流除磷工艺(anaerobic supernatant phosphate strip process,简称ASPS工艺),在侧流比为33%下运行,发现该工艺对生物除磷系统的影响主要表现在以下几个方面:(1)系统磷和有机物的去除性能不受影响,出水可溶性磷和COD浓度分别为(0.53±0.12)mg/L、(42.00±5.69)mg/L;(2)活性污泥分布松散并与大量丝状菌结合成难沉降的絮状结构,沉降性能变差,粒径变小;(3)从系统内微生物能量代谢角度分析知,胞内PHA和糖原含量水平无明显变化;但胞内聚磷颗粒含量减少,厌氧释磷受阻,侧流厌氧释磷浓度从22.17 mg/L下降至5.20 mg/L,最终导致侧流部分失去高浓度磷化学沉淀的优势;(4)化学磷回收量占进水磷量比由133.02%下降至31.20%,可实现磷的有效去除和回收利用;(5)对微生物种群变化的影响还有待进一步探究。     

The selective role of nitrite in the PAO/GAO competition

Proliferation of Glycogen Accumulating Organisms (GAOs) accounts as one of the major bottlenecks in biological phosphorus removal systems. GAO outcompeting polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) results in lower P-removal. Thus, finding optimal conditions that favour PAO in front of GAO is a current focus of research. This work shows how nitrite can provide a novel strategy for PAO enrichment. A propionate-fed GAO-enriched biomass (70% Defluviicoccus I, 18% Defluviicoccus II and 10% PAO) was subjected more than 50 d under anaerobic-anoxic conditions with nitrite as electron acceptor. These operational conditions led to a PAO-enriched sludge (85%) where GAO were washed out of the system (<10%), demonstrating the validity of the new approach for PAO enrichment. In addition, the presented suppression of Defluviicocus GAO with nitrite represents an add-on benefit to the nitrite-based systems since the proliferation of non-desirable GAO can be easily ruled out and added to the other benefits (i.e. lower aeration and COD requirements).