清潩河流域许昌段水污染成因分析与整治对策

对清潩河水环境污染成因进行了系统的分析和研究,以期为清潩河水环境修复和水质改善提供整治方案与政策建议。通过对2010—2011年许昌市清潩河干流5个断面监测数据的分析,识别出化学需氧量、氨氮是清潩河的主要污染因子,根据各区县生活污水、工业废水和农业污染源的化学需氧量、氨氮的排放负荷情况以及污染源的空间分布特征,揭示出许昌市魏都区的造纸工业、长葛市的制革工业排污是水体污染的主要原因。同时对清潩河水环境突出的污染问题,提出了改善对策。     

我国西部水资源供需关系地区性差异变化研究

利用地理信息系统技术,对我国西部12个省(市、区)按流域进行了划分,结合1980年和1990年水文资料,比较了我国西部各流域两个时段可供水量、需水量、缺水量和缺水率变化,系统分析了西部水资源供需关系变化的地区性差异及其原因,并预测了未来我国西部缺水情况,这些研究为我国西部大开发战略的实施提供了基础性依据。     

Chemical oxygen demand reduction in coffee wastewater through chemical flocculation and advanced oxidation processes

The removal of the natural organic matter present in coffee processing wastewater through chemical coagulation-flocculation and advanced oxidation processes （AOP） had been studied. The effectiveness of the removal of natural organic matter using commercial flocculants and UV/H202, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 processes was determined under acidic conditions. For each of these processes, different operational conditions were explored to optimize the treatment efficiency of the coffee wastewater. Coffee wastewater is characterized by a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and low total suspended solids. The outcomes of coffee wastewater treatment using coagulation-flocculation and photodegradation processes were assessed in terms of reduction of COD, color, and turbidity. It was found that a reduction in COD of 67% could be realized when the coffee wastewater was treated by chemical coagulation-flocculation with lime and coagulant T-1. When coffee wastewater was treated by coagulation-flocculation in combination with UV/H2O2, a COD reduction of 86% was achieved, although only after prolonged UV irradiation. Of the three advanced oxidation processes considered, UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3, we found that the treatment with UV/H2O2/O3 was the most effective, with an efficiency of color, turbidity and further COD removal of 87%, when applied to the flocculated coffee wastewater.     

Trends and development of steel demand in China: A bottom–up analysis

With economic development, the Chinese steel industry has rapidly expanded over the past three decades. However, this expansion has resulted in many problems, such as increasing energy consumption and excessive environmental pollution. Therefore, it is important to analyze the future steel demand in China. This study presents changes in steel production and apparent steel consumption in the years 1998–2010. Steel is mainly consumed by construction, machinery, automobiles, shipbuilding, railways, petroleum, household appliances and containers, and these nine industries are analyzed separately using stock based models. The study suggests steel demand in China will rise from 600 million t in 2010 to a peak of 753 million t in 2025, and then gradually decrease to 510 million t in 2050. The construction industry is the largest steel consumer, although its share of total steel demand will decrease in the future. Steel demand in automobile manufacturing, by contrast, will increase rapidly before 2035, and its share will increase from 6.0% in 2010 to 19.0% in 2050. Sensitivity analysis on the four major impact factors such as saturation levels, lifetime distributions, GDP and urbanization rate shows that saturation levels of different products greatly affect long-term and short-term steel demands, while GDP and lifetime distributions, especially the lifetime distribution of buildings, mainly affect the short-term and long-term steel demands, respectively.     

Forecast of the demand and supply plan of China’s uranium resources till 2030

This paper’s purpose is to predict China’s uranium resources demand from 2016 to 2030 based on experimental modeling. In addition, we discuss the future supply structure of China’s uranium resources by analyzing the domestic and foreign supply capacity of China’s uranium resources. According the forecast results, Chinese uranium resource demand will reach 21385 tU in 2030 under a medium scenario. Due to the poor endowment of uranium resources, China’s domestic uranium production will increase slowly. It can be calculated that the total demand of uranium resources in China during 2016–2030 will be 216581 tU, the cumulative production of domestic production will be 37900 tU, the overseas production will be 41950 tU, and the international market purchases will be 130574 tU. Hence, the cumulative degree of dependence on foreign resources is approximately 80%. China’s foreign dependence on uranium will be greater than for oil, and the situation will become extremely serious. Therefore, we put forward several suggestions to ensure the supply of China’s uranium resources: (1) strengthening mineral exploration and increasing domestic production, (2) actively operating the “going out” strategy, (3) enhancing the enterprise competition ability, and (4) establishing uranium resource reserves. By these means, China could efficiently guarantee the domestic uranium resource security and respond to the competition of India’s uranium resources demand increased.     

现阶段中国农地利用专业化的主要限制因素

中国农地利用专业化发展缓慢,落后于西方发达国家,成为其农产品国际竞争力不足的一个重要影响因素。对其原因,目前学术界仍存争议,尚无令人信服的结论。论文利用1991—2013年全国、省域,以及2001—2013年县域（杭嘉湖地区）3个尺度的种植面积数据,采用赫芬达尔专业化指数（SHHI）,并结合关联政策的资料分析,重点检验主粮生产对农地利用专业化的主控性和限制性,探讨现阶段中国农地利用专业化的主要限制因素。结果显示：1）现阶段中国农地利用专业化水平受主粮播种面积占比的控制,全国和省域尺度上,无论时间维度还是空间维度,两变量均在5%以下显著性水平上呈正相关关系;县域尺度上,两变量在空间维度上呈显著高度正相关,时间维度上76%的区县呈显著正相关。2）粮食生产保护政策约束了粮食作物的退出,压缩了非粮作物的增长空间,限制了农地利用专业化的发展。结果表明,国家对粮食（尤其是主粮）生产的保护是现阶段中国农地利用专业化的主要限制因素。因此,论文提出转变“粮食安全”观、优化农业生产布局等促进农地利用专业化的政策建议。     

三峡水库蓄水至175 m后干流沉积物理化性质与磷形态分布特征

为研究三峡水库蓄水至175 m后干流沉积物总磷(TP)及各形态磷的分布状况,2010年10月采集了乌江、茅坪等13个断面表层沉积物样品,分析了有机质、矿物成分、粒径等理化参数,测定了沉积物总磷、可交换态磷(Ex-P)、铝结合态磷(Al-P)、铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、闭蓄态磷(Oc-P)和钙结合态磷(Ca-P)的含量,探讨了磷形态赋存与沉积物理化性质间的相关性,评估了蓄水对沉积物磷的蓄积及生物可利用性的影响.结果表明,三峡水库干流沉积物有机质含量为7.79~55.63g·kg~(-1),主要矿物成分为绿泥石、伊利石和石英.沉积物的主要组成为黏土质粉砂,中值粒径(d_(50))范围为3.84~23.65μm.沉积物总磷含量为557.06~837.92 mg·kg~(-1),各采样点总磷富集指数均大于1,存在潜在的磷污染风险.沉积物磷形态以CaP和Oc-P为主,Ex-P、Fe-P和Al-P含量相对较低,生物可利用性磷仅占总磷含量的2%~8%.与历史资料相比,蓄水后三峡水库沉积物的粒径有细化变小的趋势,易风化矿物组分含量略有增加,蓄水水位的增加并未导致沉积物总磷含量出现明显升高趋势.未来,随着三峡水库来沙进一步减少和泥沙颗粒的逐渐细化,磷在三峡水库部分宽谷河段沉积物有可能逐步蓄积;蓄水运行过程引起的大面积消落带干湿交替以及近坝段浮泥再悬浮都将影响沉积物中磷的生物可利用性水平.     

苏州河的污染底泥评价

以底泥与流动水相的边界环境为研究对象，应用苏州河底的释放与耗氧规律，在控制地面水水质标准的环境基础上拟定了底泥评价分级标准，将评价的有机污染指标确定为未污染，污染、重污染底泥的类型级别。应用拟定的分级标准对苏州河的污染底泥进行评价，指出若对属于重类型的部分河段底泥进行整治，则整个市区段底泥释放至水相的深度，将接近地面水三级标准。     

白洋淀典型水域COD的组成及各组分贡献

化学需氧量（COD）是我国评估有机耗氧污染的关键指标,为探究白洋淀湖心区和沼泽区天然水体COD构成组分,通过物理连续分级和三维荧光等方法揭示水体中的耗氧有机物质主要组成、来源和影响因素.结果表明,白洋淀COD主要由类蛋白质和类腐殖质溶解性有机物质贡献（59%~93%）,无机物（如Cl^-和NO₃^-等）对COD产生的贡献甚微,可忽略不计;上覆水有机物主要受内生植被降解、沉积物释放［TOC释放通量1.55~2.28 mg ·（m² ·d）^-1］等内源［生物源指数（BIX）>0.8］和人为污染、芦苇台田等陆源的共同影响（1.4<荧光指数（FI）<1.9）,沉积物有机质以陆源（芦苇台田）为主.研究水域COD的组分主要受难生化降解有机物质（RDOC）控制,RDOC在天然环境中降解周期较长,重铬酸钾法会在短时间内迅速氧化大部分RDOC,因此高估了水体的有机耗氧污染水平.     

工业废水排放最少化清洁集成技术的研究

从总结国内外经济入手,对我国实现需水量零增长的必要性进行了论述,预言２１首先在工业部门实现需水量的零增长,而实现这种零增长的必要条件是加强工业废水排放量最少化清洁集成技术。指出实施这种集成技术需要有能够推动和刺激该技术的配套政策和法令,以及具有高素质的管理人员。