华北地区主要农业灾害及灾情分析

本文分析了华北地区农业灾害发生的气象背景,并利用1981～1990年的农业统计资料分析了华北地区的农业灾情状况及因灾而造成的粮、棉损失量。华北地区单位耕地面积的受灾率及成灾率分别为47.3%和23.0%,大致相当于二年一遇灾和四年一成灾。华北地区因农业灾害而造成的粮、棉损失量平均每年为397.0和34.5万吨,粮、棉损失率分别为4.9%及15.3%。     

伊犁河谷退耕还草的模式及生态经济效益探讨

退耕还林还草、进行生态环境建设是我国政府制定的一项战略性措施。伊犁河谷需要退耕还草的面积为14.13×104hm2,河谷自然地理条件较复杂,不同地域水、土、光、热条件差异较大,本文就伊犁河谷不同地域退耕还草的模式、生态经济效益及相关技术问题进行了探讨。     

我国鲟鱼类资源及其保护与发展途径

鲟鱼类为北半球古老的大型经济鱼类，栖息于太平洋、大西洋和内陆水域，是世界著名的经济鱼类．近年来在有关科研项目的支持下，对我国境内的11种鲟鱼类资源进行了生物学、生态学等方面的一系列调查研究．本文着重论述了鲟鱼类的自然分布、经济与科研价值，分析了资源现状及其衰退原因，并提出今后资源保护与发展的8个途径．     

浅析21世纪中国的粮食问题

本文在简介莱斯特·布朗关于21世纪中国粮食问题论点的基础上、分析了21世纪解决中国粮食问题的有利因素与发展潜力、不利因素与潜在危机．提出了与此相关的理论导向和政策选择。     

加热工艺对微合金钢Ti、Nb固溶及奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

研究含Ti、Nb微合金钢HJ58轧制前不同加热温度和保温时间对Ti、Nb固溶量及奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响规律,讨论微合金元素Ti、Nb的存在状态及作用机理,提出了合理的加热工艺以指导生产。     

中国县域人均粮食占有量的时空差异及驱动因素

以全国县域为研究单元,基于2004年和2014年各县统计数据,采用ESDA、重心迁移、GWR等方法对县域人均粮食占有量的空间格局进行测定,并分析人均粮食占有量区域差异的空间异质性及变化的驱动机制。结果表明:2004~2014年,全国各县域粮食的人均占有量呈现总体上升的趋势,人均粮食占有量的重心在10a间由西南向东北转移,且南北方向迁移的幅度大于东西方向迁移的幅度。2004年全国县域人均粮食占有量冷热点分布相对分散,东北地区是全国唯一的热点区,冷点区分布在沿海地区,2014年热点区相比于2004年有所缩小,冷点区则有所扩大。影响人均粮食占有量变化各因素的重要程度在空间上差异明显,其重要程度由大至小依次为:人口数量第三产业比重城市化率第二产业比重人均GDP。     

某抽水蓄能电站工程区断裂断层泥研究

通过断裂断层泥的粒度成分分析、粒度分形和石英颗粒形貌(SEM)特征观测等方法来分析与评价某抽水蓄能电站工程区断裂活动性,从而得出工程的稳定性。这一研究对大型地下工程场区稳定性综合论证及对地下硐室合理选址、设计以及确保工程安全等具有重要的应用价值。     

近50年江苏省粮食产量变化的小波分析

粮食产量变化关系到国家和地区的粮食安全问题。以往对粮食产量变化的研究多集中在单时间尺度上,对多时间尺度的研究很少。以小波诊断技术为基础,对近50年江苏省粮食产量变化进行了多时间尺度的分析。研究结果表明：①近50多年江苏省粮食产量生产大致经历了5个阶段;②江苏省粮食产量变化具有明显的5年、13年和25年的特征时间尺度和相应的周期性变化特征;同时特征时间尺度有逐步增加的趋势,即江苏省的粮食产量变化渐趋稳定;③小波方差分析发现江苏省粮食产量变化具有13年和25年的主要周期,并以25年周期最为显著; ④综合三个时间尺度上小波系数的演变趋势发现,无论是大尺度还是小尺度上,在未来的一段时间内,江苏省都将进入新的一轮粮食减产时期。针对粮食产量变化的这一趋势,进行了原因分析,并提出相应的建议。     

Quantifying disturbance effects on vegetation carbon pools in mountain forests based on historical data

Although the terrestrial carbon budget is of key importance for atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, little is known on the effects of management and natural disturbances on historical carbon stocks at the regional scale. We reconstruct the dynamics of vegetation carbon stocks and flows in forests across the past 100 years for a valley in the eastern Swiss Prealps using quantitative and qualitative information from forest management plans. The excellent quality of the historical information makes it possible to link dynamics in growing stocks with high-resolution time series for natural and anthropogenic disturbances. The results of the historical reconstruction are compared with modelled potential natural vegetation. Forest carbon stock at the beginning of the twentieth century was substantially reduced compared to natural conditions as a result of large scale clearcutting lasting until the late nineteenth century. Recovery of the forests from this unsustainable exploitation and systematic forest management were the main drivers of a strong carbon accumulation during almost the entire twentieth century. In the 1990s two major storm events and subsequent bark beetle infestations significantly reduced stocks back to the levels of the mid-twentieth century. The future potential for further carbon accumulation was found to be strongly limited, as the potential for further forest expansion in this valley is low and forest properties seem to approach equilibrium with the natural disturbance regime. We conclude that consistent long-term observations of carbon stocks and their changes provide rich information on the historical range of variability of forest ecosystems. Such historical information improves our ability to assess future changes in carbon stocks. Further, the information is vital for better parameterization and initialization of dynamic regional scale vegetation models and it provides important background for appropriate management decisions.     

China＇s Land Carrying Capacity Based on Man-grain Relationships

With population growth and increasing pressure on land resources, land carrying capacity （LCC） and food safety have been attracting great attention worldwide. From the point of man-grain relationship and by establishing LCC and land carrying capacity index （LCCI） models, this article firstly analyzes the spatial-temporal dynamics of LCC of China from 1949 to 2005 at county, provincial and national levels. Choosing 2005 as a representative year, this article then evaluates the LCC of 264 pastoral regions （semipastoral regions）, 663 urban regions and 592 poverty stricken regions of the country. The results show that： （1） from 1949 to 2005, with the increase of grain production, the LCC of China has been improved conspicuously, but due to the rapid population growth, the production can only maintain a low level grain consumption; （2） over the past 25 years （1980-2005）, the number of population overloading provinces decreased from 23 to 15 and the mangrain relationship has been improved gradually, but there were more overloading provinces than surplus provinces in China; （3） at county level, there were 1572 overloading counties in 1980 accounting for 68.26% of the total counties of the country and where were 649 million people lived, while in 1990, 2000 and 2005, the number of overloading counties were 1066, 1133 and 1087 respectively, which shows that the man-grain relationship has been improved obviously during the past 25 years; as for spatial distribution, the surplus counties were mainly concentrated in agriculture developed regions, such as Northeast Plain, North China Plain, middle and lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Plain, and overloading counties were mainly located in regions with poor natural environment and low grain production capacity, such as Northwest China, Tibetan Plateau and Loess Plateau and economically developed urban regions, such as Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai; （4） animal husbandry improved greatly the LCC of pastoral and semi-pastoral regions, while urban regions were overloading for increasing population pressure and more than half of poverty stricken regions were overloading due to critical natural environment and poor economic conditions.