Chronic renal failure among farm families in cascade irrigation systems in Sri Lanka associated with elevated dietary cadmium levels in rice and freshwater fish (Tilapia)

Chronic renal failure (CRF), in the main agricultural region under reservoir based cascade irrigation in Sri Lanka has reached crisis proportion. Over 5,000 patients in the region are under treatment for CRF. The objective of this study is to establish the etiology of the CRF. Concentrations of nine heavy metals were determined in sediments, soils of reservoir peripheries, water and Nelumbo nucifera (lotus) grown in five major reservoirs that supply irrigation water. All five reservoirs carried higher levels of dissolved cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe) and lead (Pb). Dissolved Cd in reservoir water ranged from 0.03 to 0.06 mg/l. Sediment Cd concentration was 1.78-2.45 mg/kg. No arsenic (As) was detected. Cd content in lotus rhizomes was 253.82 mg/kg. The Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) of Cd based on extreme exposure of rice is 8.702-15.927 mug/kg body weight (BW) for different age groups, 5-50 years. The PTWI of Cd due to extreme exposure of fish is 6.773-12.469 mug/kg BW. The PTWI on a rice staple with fish is 15.475-28.396 mug/kg BW. The mean urinary cadmium (UCd) concentration in CRF patients of age group 40-60 years was 7.58 mug Cd/g creatinine and in asymptomatic persons UCd was 11.62 mug Cd/g creatinine, indicating a chronic exposure to Cd. The possible source of Cd in reservoir sediments and water is Cd-contaminated agrochemicals. The CRF prevalent in north central Sri Lanka is a result of chronic dietary intake of Cd, supported by high natural levels of fluoride in drinking water, coupled with neglecting of routine de-silting of reservoirs for the past 20 years.     

现阶段我国耕地利用集约度变化及其政策启示

近年来,随着社会经济的快速发展和市场经济的不断完善,我国耕地利用中,农户利益最大化的个体追求逐步由耕地产出最大化向劳动力效益最大化方向发展,粮食生产对于农户的重要性在下降,导致我国粮食生产中耕地、资本和劳动力投入在1998年后出现下降趋势,北京、天津、上海、浙江、福建、江西、湖北、广东等省(市)区甚至出现耕地利用集约度总体下降的情况。耕地利用集约度的这一变化对我国粮食安全将产生深远的影响。文章在分析上述情况后认为,为实现我国粮食安全的国家目标,需要在耕地保护政策的基础上,进一步采取政策措施提高粮食生产的规模效益,以缓解粮食安全的国家目标与个体利益最大化的农户目标之间的冲突。     

东北商品粮基地粮食生产的区域分异

论文以商品粮基地县为研究单元,运用数理统计和GIS空间分析结合的方法,揭示东北商品粮基地县粮食总产的区域差异。研究结果表明:①粮食总产低于平均水平的商品粮基地县占多数,高于平均水平的基地数量仅占36.36%,但粮食产量占全部基地县粮食总产量的64.74%;②粮食生产基本上形成了以玉米、大豆、水稻为主的生产能力格局,粮食总产的区域差异小于分品种粮食作物内部的区域差异;③从省域尺度看,粮食总产高于平均水平的基地县84.6%分布在黑龙江和吉林两省,粮食生产布局的区域化、专业化趋势明显,大宗粮食作物进一步向产粮大县集中;④从区域尺度看,粮食总产的空间格局高低交错,集中在以松嫩平原中部黑土区、辽河平原和三江平原为重心的平原地区,有由中部平原地区向周边递减的趋势。回归分析表明,播种面积的区域差异是导致商品粮基地县粮食总产区域分异的主要原因,农业现代化水平对其具有重要影响。应加强商品粮基地建设,加大中低产田的改造力度,走以提高粮食单产来提高粮食综合生产能力的内涵式发展道路。     

Estimation of crop residue in China based on a Monte Carlo analysis

Accurate crop residue resource estimation is important for bioenergy development.This is done by the ratio of residue to grain(R/G),which is usually regarded constant and is widely used for crop residue estimation though uncertainty is inevitable in practice.In this study,a Monte Carlo algorithm was applied to estimate national crop residue by R/G taken from published reports in China.The estimated result was further mapped in pixels by geographic information system.In2009,the amount of crop residue was found to be 802.32 million tons(Mt),with 679.36 and 947.28 Mt as the lower and upper limits for 95%confidence limits.Chinese crop residue was dominated by rice,wheat,and corn,accounting for74.57%(598.29 Mt).From 1949 to 2009,the amount of crop residue increased by four times,accompanied by component change.The spatial distribution of crop residue in China is markedly heterogeneous.Compared to the shortage of crop residue in northwest China,there is an abundant crop residue of about 334 Mt in eastern China,attracting 90%of the country's electricity or heat generation plants.     

三峡库区乔木林生物量和碳储量的估算

以三峡库区为研究地点,建立库区优势树种立木生物量模型,并测定乔木含碳系数,结合库区第7次和第8次森林资源连续清查数据,估算了整个三峡库区乔木林的生物量和碳储量。研究结果表明:(1)整个库区乔木林生物量和碳储量第7次调查为12 583×104t和6 471×104t,单位面积生物量75.70t/hm2,碳密度38.93t/hm2,第8次调查为14 253×104t和7 396×104t,单位面积生物量77.46t/hm2,碳密度40.20t/hm2。可见,这5a中,三峡库区生物量和碳储量都有所增加。(2)对于不同森林植被类型来说,松类的生物量和碳储量都显著高于其他类型,分别占三峡库区生物量和碳储量的40%和50%。(3)三峡库区森林植被生物量和碳储量随龄级增大先增大后减少,在中龄林时达到最大,比较两次调查的生物量和碳储量,森林植被主要以幼林龄和中龄林占优。(4)两次调查显示三峡库区森林植被生物量和碳储量主要分布在天然林中,对于碳汇起到主要作用,同时,人工林所占的比例有所提高,其碳汇能力也逐步提高。     

Profiling the ionome of rice and its use in discriminating geographical origins at the regional scale, China

Element profile was investigated for their use to trace the geographical origin of rice (Oryza sativa L.) samples. The concentrations of 13 elements (calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), boron (B), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), and cadmium (Cd)) were determined in the rice samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectrometry. Most of the essential elements for human health in rice were within normal ranges except for Mo and Se. Mo concentrations were twice as high as those in rice from Vietnam and Spain. Meanwhile, Se concentrations were three times lower in the whole province compared to the Chinese average level of 0.088 mg/kg. About 12% of the rice samples failed the Chinese national food safety standard of 0.2 mg/kg for Cd. Combined with the multi-elemental profile in rice, the principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant function analysis (DFA) and Fibonacci index analysis (FIA) were applied to discriminate geographical origins of the samples. Results indicated that the FIA method could achieve a more effective geographical origin classification compared with PCA and DFA, due to its efficiency in making the grouping even when the elemental variability was so high that PCA and DFA showed little discriminatory power. Furthermore, some elements were identified as the most powerful indicators of geographical origin: Ca, Ni, Fe and Cd. This suggests that the newly established methodology of FIA based on the ionome profile can be applied to determine the geographical origin of rice.     

泉州湾红树植物中重金属元素的分布与储量

用ICP-AES测定了泉州湾洛阳江河口红树植物桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和秋茄(Kandelia candel)根际沉积物中重金属总量和有效态含量,以及这2种植物体内重金属的含量,探讨了该红树林湿地重金属元素的分布、富集和储量情况。结果表明,2种红树植物根际沉积物中重金属总量均表现为:Fe>Mn>Zn>V>Pb>Cr>Cu>Ni>Co>Cd,有效态含量均表现为:Fe>Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>V>Cr>Ni>Co>Cd,部分重金属具有一定潜在的有害生物效应;Fe、V在2种红树植物根部的含量最高,Mn在叶中的含量最高,其余重金属未有明显的统一规律;相关性分析表明,2种植物根中Cu和Zn,Pb和V、Co、Ni,Cr和Zn,Zn和V,V和Co、Ni,Co和Ni之间互有明显协同作用;除Mn在叶中存在较强的富集能力(富集系数大于1),2种红树植物对其余重金属元素的富集能力均较小,远达不到超富集植物的要求;秋茄和桐花树对Mn从根向叶的迁移能力最强,Cu、Cr、Zn在2种植物中的迁移系数均大于1,Cd在桐花树中的迁移系数也大于1,说明2种植物都有将这些元素向叶中输送的趋势,应注意其通过食物链富集作用引起的危害。2种红树植物中重金属总储量大小表现为:Mn>Fe(秋茄则Fe>Mn)>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>V>Ni>Co>Cd,其中Mn和Fe的总储量之和分别占到了总储量的97.7%(桐花树)和99%(秋茄)。     

镉胁迫对不同杂交水稻品种Cd、Zn吸收与积累的影响

土壤-作物-食品是人类摄取Cd的重要途径.水稻是Cd积累能力最强的粮食作物,且水稻对Cd的吸收常伴随Zn缺乏,这对人类健康具有潜在的暴露风险.因此,本文选择2种杂交水稻(普通杂交稻材料"J196"和超级稻品种"中浙优1号")为供试水稻,以红壤性水稻土为供试土壤,采用添加Cd(2.5 mg·kg^-1)和不添加Cd(0 mg·kg^-1)处理进行盆栽试验,研究了水稻在成熟期对土壤中Cd的吸收分配及籽粒中Cd、Zn的积累特点.结果表明,添加Cd处理的水稻籽粒Cd积累量为未加Cd处理的6~10倍.在供试土壤Cd污染条件下,超级稻表现出对Cd具有较强的吸收能力,其籽粒中的Cd积累量也可高达1.83 mg·kg^-1,就地消费人群的籽粒Cd暴露风险水平为人体安全临界摄入剂量水平的数倍,Zn存在相对缺乏的食物安全风险.中浙优1号具有较强的籽粒Cd分配能力和较弱的籽粒Zn转运能力,而加Cd处理下,其对Cd、Zn的根部、茎叶滞留能力更强,这也正是高籽粒含量品种籽粒Cd积累强而Cd/Zn比高的原因.因此,在高产水稻育种中必须考虑水稻对Cd、Zn吸收的品种差异与籽粒Cd暴露、Zn缺乏的风险.为降低镉暴露风险,推广高产杂交水稻时应考虑Cd的吸收特性,同时在土壤-品种间进行合理布局,并进行膳食结构优化以增加人体对Zn的摄入.     

中亚地区粮食生产潜力及发展潜力分析——基于GAEZ方法

中亚地区因特殊的地理位置和高粮食生产能力,对维护世界粮食安全意义重大,发掘中亚地区粮食生产潜力有助于全球粮食危机缓解。采用GAEZ方法,结合联合国粮农组织数据库,定量分析了中亚地区5个国家、9种粮食作物的潜在单产及潜在面积,并通过控制粮食单产和生产面积的变化提出三种假设,测算出不同假设下中亚地区的粮食生产潜力、发展潜力和发展潜力幅度。结果表明：中亚地区的哈萨克斯坦粮食生产潜力和发展潜力大;小麦、大麦产量有较大提升空间,高粱、黑麦、谷子、燕麦、荞麦产量提升空间小且潜力集中在哈萨克斯坦,但高粱的发展潜力幅度很大。     

哈萨克斯坦粮食生产效率动态演进及区域差异

曾为苏联粮仓的哈萨克斯坦是粮食生产大国,对于粮食生产效率问题的研究可以评价其未来粮食生产潜力和粮食生产水平,为推进中哈粮食合作提供参考。基于2005—2017年哈萨克斯坦州际数据,采用三阶段DEA-Windows方法,在控制环境因素基础上测算了该国的粮食生产效率,分析了其动态演变和区域差异。结果发现：剔除外生环境因素后,除北部地区,哈萨克斯坦其他地区粮食生产效率大幅度下降,全国效率均值从0.755下降到0.286;哈萨克斯坦粮食生产效率地区分异显著,北部为0.857,西部仅有0.112,粮食生产效率提升空间很大;调整后全国和各地区的粮食生产效率都呈上升趋势,但与北部的效率差距不断增大,地区内各州粮食效率变化趋于一致。