典型抗生素在多孔介质中迁移特性的对比研究

为系统探究抗生素在饱和多孔介质中的迁移行为,选取两类典型抗生素—磺胺类（Sulfonamides, SAs）和氟喹诺酮类抗生素（Fluoroquinolones, FQs）,通过室内砂柱迁移实验,重点对比研究了水化学条件及介质粒径对两类抗生素迁移的影响.结果表明,不同种类抗生素在饱和石英砂多孔介质中的迁移特性不同.在实验pH（5.6~9.5）条件下,低解离常数使得SAs多以带负电形态出现,因静电斥力导致SAs在石英砂介质中具有强迁移能力,流出液中SAs回收率>97%;pH、离子强度（NaCl、CaCl₂）及介质粒径对抗生素的迁移无显著影响.FQs多呈阳离子形态及两性形态,受静电引力控制,FQs迁移能力相对较弱,但移动性随溶液pH升高而增大,NaCl和介质粒径对FQs迁移影响不显著,竞争吸附导致高浓度CaCl₂促进FQs迁移能力.本研究结果阐明了SAs和FQs在多孔介质中不同水化学条件（pH、NaCl及CaCl₂离子强度）下及不同介质粒径中的迁移过程,可为抗生素环境风险的预测和评估及污染修复提供指导.     

伊犁尼勒克黄土石英颗粒微形态特征及其成因与物源意义

石英颗粒表面微形态分析是判断沉积物成因和来源的重要方法之一。对伊犁盆地尼勒克黄土石英颗粒表面微形态特征进行了研究,并将其与冰川、河流、沙漠样品进行比较,结果表明尼勒克黄土石英颗粒磨圆较差,冰川和水流作用的微形态特征明显,系近源风力搬运沉积。通过对比分析讨论了石英粉砂的可能产生机制,认为流水和寒冻风化作用为伊犁黄土的形成提供了重要动力来源。尼勒克黄土的物质来源和匈牙利黄土类似,而与黄土高原黄土有较大差别,这主要表现在经受风力搬运-沉积的次数上或者风力搬运的距离上。该研究为解译伊犁地区黄土的古气候环境意义提供了重要基础。     

Effects of road dust on the growth characteristics of Sophora japonica L. seedlings

Road dust is one of the most common pollutants and causes a series of negative effects on plant physiology. Dust's impacts on plants can be regarded as a combination of load,composition and grain size impacts on plants; however, there is a lack of integrated dust effect studies involving these three aspects. In our study, Sophora japonica seedlings were artificially dusted with road dust collected from the road surface of Beijing so that we could study the impacts of this dust on nitrogen/carbon allocation, biomass allocation and photosynthetic pigments from the three aspects of composition, load and grain size. The results showed that the growth characteristics of S. japonica seedlings were mostly influenced by dust composition and load. Leaf N, root–shoot ratio and chlorophyll a/b were significantly affected by dust composition and load; leaf C/N, shoot biomass, total chlorophyll and carotenoid were significantly affected by dust load; stem N and stem C/N were significantly affected by dust composition; while the dust grain size alone did not affect any of the growth characteristics. Road dust did influence the growth characteristics more extensively than loam. Therefore, a higher dust load could increase the differences between road dust and loam treatments. The elements in dust are well correlated to the shoot N, shoot C/N, and root–shoot ratio of S. japonica seedlings. This knowledge could benefit the management of urban green spaces.     

高炉单元非工艺除尘改造工程实例

介绍了某钢铁企业高炉单元出铁场、矿槽及上料系统除尘改造的工程实例。封闭出铁场并增设屋顶除尘,控制无组织排放。优化设计除尘点、除尘罩和管道以改善除尘效果。通过升级原有布袋除尘器,改造原电除尘器为脉冲布袋除尘器,增设上料及槽上除尘系统,完成除尘改造工程。采用气力输送方式将各除尘系统灰集中到一个灰仓后再外运处理,减少二次扬尘。改造后该单元范围内有组织及无组织排放均达到国家最新标准,为今后相似工程提供了经验。     

基于农业生态地带模型的中国粮食产能动态评估

随着人口增加和人们生活水平的不断提高,我国粮食消费需求将继续呈刚性增长,使得粮食品种和区域结构性矛盾加剧,而粮食产能的动态评估能够让我们加深认识我国粮食供需平衡,对制定适宜于我国经济社会发展同时保障粮食安全的粮食可持续发展战略具有重要意义.论文选取农田生产力作为我国粮食产能的指标,通过改进农业生态地带(AEZ)模型,动态嵌入不同县域水平的管理和投入水平的限制性因子,集成县级截面数据估计投入系数权重,并基于此估算了全国2000-2010年间农田生产力水平.研究发现,2000年以来,我国农田生产力虽年际间存在波动,但总体呈现增长的态势,且区域差异性显著.农田生产力水平存在从沿海到内陆、从南向北及从东向西的递减的梯度,而局部地区农田生产力变化明显,表现出明显的东西分异规律,其次是南北分异规律.而对各个地区农田生产力平均值统计发现,东部沿海地区与南部省份的农田生产力要高于内陆省份,西部地区农田生产力普遍低于东部和中部地区.2000、2005、2010年全国分县统计的粮食产量数据与动态估算结果进行精度验证,其相关系数分别达到0.82、0.76和0.89,实际产量为估算结果的69.4％、73.4％、67.2％,较好的反映了我国农田生产力的基本状况.最后,基于我国农田生产力时空变化规律和局部差异性特征,以及我国经济区水平上的中国农田生产力的变化规律,从耕地数量保障、农业管理和投入水平提高以及适宜的农业区划方面,提出适宜于我国自然环境状况和社会经济发展的农田生产力保障策略,对保障我国的农田生产力的稳定增长方面的规划决策与政策制定具有参考价值.     

Dynamic evaluation of land productivity in China

For making rational and scientific land-use planning,an inventory indicator of land productivity subject to biophysical limitations and human disturbance is required.This study introduces agricultural land productivity(ALP)as the dynamic indicator to measure land productivity,involving factors that affect agricultural production,such as characteristics of climate,soil,and terrain.As a case study of this dynamic indicator,ALP was estimated at county level and aggregated into provincial level in the whole of China.The result shows that ALP increased during 2000-2010 in China,and the ratios of ALP to the actual grain yield were 65.40%and 66.38%in the years 2000 and 2005,respectively.The ALP is an effective dynamic indicator to estimate the land productivity and to represent the basic conditions about the supply of water,energy,nutrients,and the physical basis for plant growth,as well as the local input.ALP estimation could provide supporting information for policy-making about land production planning and land-use management.     

基于EMD的我国粮食产量波动及其成因多尺度分析

论文利用经验模态分解(EMD)方法对1949年以来我国粮食产量波动及其成因进行了多时间尺度的分析。研究结果表明:我国粮食产量存在3年和9年左右的准周期波动,并以9年左右的波动为主。从粮食产量波动的趋势量分布来看,1949年以来我国粮食产量不断增长,但是20世纪90年代后粮食增长停滞;在对粮食作物播种面积单产和粮食播种面积两个影响因子进行EMD分解时发现,粮食作物播种面积单产是粮食产量3年左右波动的控制因子,而粮食播种面积却是粮食产量9年左右波动的主要控制因子。对两个尺度的周期性波动分析发现,我国粮食产量波动幅度近年来不断增加,这将给我国已经相当紧张的粮食供需关系带来巨大的隐患。由于3年和9年左右的两个准周期波动在2005～2006年期间都将处于波谷,论文预测2005或2006年的粮食将严重短缺,并且短期内我国粮食产量仍会下降,但是较长期内粮食产量将回升。     

Organic carbon stock in topsoil of Jiangsu Province, China, and the recent trend of carbon sequestration

Data collection of soil organic carbon(SOC) of 154 soil series of Jiangsu, China from the second provincial soil survey and of recent changes in SOC from a number of field pilot experiments across the province were collected. Statistical analysis of SOC contents and soil properties related to organic carbon storage were performed. The provincial total topsoil SOC stock was estimated to be O. 1 Pg with an extended pool of 0.4 Pg taking soil depth of 1 m, being relatively small compared to its total land area of lOl?00 km^2. One quarter of this topsoil stock was found in the soils of the Taihu Lake region that occupied 1/6 of the provincial arable area. Paddy soils accounted for over 50% of this stock in terms of SOC distribution among the soil types in the province. Experimental data from experimental farms widely distributed in the province showed that SOC storage increased consistently over the last 20 years despite a previously reported decreasing tendency during the period between 1950--1970. The evidence indicated that agricultural management practices such as irrigation, straw return and rotation of upland crops with rice or wheat crops contributed significantly to the increase in SOC storage. The annual carbon sequestration rate in the soils was in the range of 0.3-3.5 tC/(hm^2. a), depending on cropping systems and other agricultural practices. Thus, the agricultural production in the province, despite the high input, could serve as one of the practical methods to mitigate the increasing air CO2.     

黑龙江省粮食生产与三江平原湿地协调发展水平的评价

为寻求黑龙江省农作物播种面积和湿地面积两者间的合理比例,使之既能保证粮食生产,又能维持湿地的必要功能,论文首先用模糊评价方法对历年黑龙江省粮食生产效益和湿地效益分别进行了评价,在此基础上,对反映两方面和谐共存程度的协调发展水平进行了评价。评价结果显示,20世纪70年代末到80年代初这一时期的农业生产和湿地环境是比较协调的。该时期农作物播种面积为870×104hm₂,三江平原湿地面积约为195×104hm₂。此结果可以作为设定三江平原湿地恢复程度的一个参考标准。在该标准下,按高单产水平计算,黑龙江省可提供2930×104t粮食,而三江平原湿地植物和鸟类的种类数约可分别恢复到建国时水平的70%和80%。