山东地区黄土沉积特征与环境意义及其与黄土高原的对比

黄土高原与我国东部地区等地广泛分布的第四纪以来的粉尘堆积,是古气候变化的良好记录。但是,将我国黄土堆积视为一个整体、从地质历史的角度来进行区域对比和定量分析粉尘堆积的动态过程及其驱动机制的研究较少。在系统的野外调查与地层对比的基础上,对末次冰期沉积的山东庙岛群岛长岛黄土剖面与宁夏中卫冰沟黄土剖面进行了样品采集,经彻底的前处理后,采用Malvern Mastersizer 2000激光粒度仪进行了粒度分析,结果表明两者在粒度特征上存在一定的相似性,但冰沟剖面粒度明显比长岛剖面粒度粗,在整个末次冰期的风成沉积中,冰沟剖面的中值粒径为48.23μm,而长岛剖面为28.36μm;冰沟剖面的砂粒的百分含量为52.34%,而长岛剖面仅为23.47%。两个剖面均记录了末次冰期可与反映全球冰量变化的SPECMAP曲线对比的阶段,尽管其反映的气候状况并不完全相同。两剖面所指示的环境意义可能也存在差异,冰沟剖面的粒度变化主要反映了古风场强度的变化和沙漠的进退,长岛剖面粒度变化除了指示古风场强度的变化信息外,还指示了粉尘源区环境的变化,在一定程度上还指示了海平面变迁的信息。     

猪粪堆肥与化肥配施对水稻产量和氮效率的影响

采用大田试验方法研究猪粪堆肥与化肥配施对水稻产量和氮效率的影响.结果表明:在本试验条件下,猪眄粪堆肥与化肥配施能显著提高水稻籽粒产量,增加水稻每穗实粒数.尤其是1 500 kg·hm-2猪粪堆肥 化肥配施处理,稻谷产量达8 595 kg·hm-2,比未施氮处理和化肥处理分别增产57.8%和13.6%,差异达显著水平.猪粪堆肥与化肥配施处理水稻氮素养分效率均高于化肥处理.猪粪堆肥与化肥配施的氮肥回收率为35.3%～38.6%,而化肥处理仅为27.6%.     

防止铁路机车车辆伤害预警装置研究——企业危险源监控技术初探

针对铁路运输机车车辆伤害是惯性伤害之首的情况，提出研制防止机车车辆伤害的安全预警装置，以遏制伤害事故，并对其开发和应用进行初步分析。开展安全预警装置研究，推广运用危险源监控技术，对于防止机车车辆伤害、保障职工人身安全和国家财产安全具有重大意义     

东方市人口耕地粮食系统平衡研究

通过对解放以来海南省东方市的人口、耕地、粮食变化分析,揭示了三者之间的联系和变化规律,指出了人口、耕地、粮食系统的平衡发展对东方市社会经济可持续发展的影响及形成原因,并提出了控制人口增长、切实保护耕地、多元化发展农业生产等实现这三个系统平衡的相关对策。     

Aggregated Estimation of the Basic Parameters of Biological Production and the Carbon Budget of Russian Terrestrial Ecosystems: 1. Stocks of Plant Organic Mass

The data presented were obtained at the first stage (1993–1999) of studies on evaluating the basic parameters of biological production in Russian terrestrial ecosystems in order to provide information for assessing and modeling the carbon budget of the entire terrestrial biota of the country. Stocks of phytomass (by fractions), coarse woody debris, and dead roots (underground necromass) were calculated by two independent methods, which yielded close results. The total amount of phytomass in Russian terrestrial ecosystems was estimated at 81800 Tg (=10¹² g = million t) dry matter, or 39989 Tg carbon. Forest ecosystems comprise a greater part (82.1%) of live plant organic matter (here and below, comparisons are made with respect to the carbon content); natural grasslands and brushwoods account for 8.8%; the phytomass of wetlands (bogs and swamps), for 6.6%; and the phytomass of farmlands, for only 2.5%. Aboveground wood contains approximately two-thirds of the plant carbon (63.8%), and green parts contain 9.9%. For all classes of ecosystems, the proportion of underground phytomass averages 26.7% of the total amount, varying from 22.0% in forests to 57.1% in grasslands and brushwoods. The average phytomass density on lands covered with vegetation (1629.9 million hectares in Russia) is 5.02 kg/m² dry matter, or 2.45 kg C/m². The total amount of carbon in coarse woody debris is 4955 Tg C, and 9180 Tg C are in the underground necromass. In total, the vegetation of Russian terrestrial ecosystems (without litter) contains 54124 Tg carbon.     

长兴岛邻近海域的沉积物粒度参数特征及物源分析

采用筛分法和吸液法分析长兴岛邻近海域11个表层沉积物样品,获得了1Φ间隔的粒度参数数据。分析结果表明,临港工业区附近海域的沉积物类型主要有G、S、S-T-Y、TS、YS、G-S-T、ST、YT共8种,S和ST是该区的优势和次优势组份。平均粒径在-1~2.623Φ,分选系数在0.221~3.213,偏态在0.311~1.311,峰态在0.828~3.978。基于沉积物各粒级的空间分布规律,对研究区域的物质来源情况,进行了分析讨论。     

2005年北京市铅的使用蓄积研究

伴随铅的长期使用,形成了铅在人类社会经济系统中的使用蓄积。铅在使用蓄积的现存量可一定程度的反映未来的废铅资源量。开展本研究可为废铅回收利用、保护铅矿资源提供重要信息。选择铅酸电池作为铅制品的代表产品,采用自下而上(bottom-up)的方法,对2005年北京市铅酸蓄电池的种类、数量等进行了调查研究,估算了铅酸蓄电池中铅的蓄积量及其构成情况。结果表明,截至2005年底,北京市在用的铅酸蓄电池中,铅的蓄积总量为28.5kt,其中,从电池类型看,起动型蓄电池占总量的88%;从产品应用场所看,机动车用电池占总量的92%。将研究结果与其他国家和国外部分城市的研究结果进行了对比分析,发现北京铅的人均蓄积量为1.85kg/c,约为国外发达国家或城市的1/2到1/6。     

Decontamination of anaerobically digested slurry in a paddy field ecosystem in Jiaxing region of China

Anaerobic digestion has become increasing popular for managing biowastes in rural China as it has the advantage of generating biogas, a renewable energy. A new challenge, however, is minimizing the environmental pollution resulting from the anaerobically digested slurry (ADS). The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a paddy field to remediate ADS while simultaneously cultivating rice. A field experiment was trialed using six treatments based on varying nitrogen loadings over the period of a rice-growing season. These treatments were adjusted to the content of the N within the ADS and had loadings of 270, 405, 540 and 1080 kg N ha⁻¹. These treatments were compared to a negative control (no fertilizer) and a positive control (chemical fertilizer) that consisted of urea applied at 270 kg N ha⁻¹. The effects of these N sources and slurry remediation were monitored using standard methods to measure water quality, soil properties and changes in rice production. Rice grain yields were generally higher for all ADS treatments than for the urea N treatment. Standing water quality in the field could reach national discharge standards for all treatments within 7-8 days after each ADS irrigation. Groundwater quality and heavy metal concentrations in both soil and the rice grain were not affected by the ADS treatments. We suggest that the quantities of ADS irrigated in 867-1734 m³ ha⁻¹ was not only safe for food quality (rice grain) and the receiving environment (water and soil), but also beneficial to soil fertility and rice grain yield.     

用高纯亚硝酸钠配制标准储备液省略标定过程的探讨

对配制亚硝酸盐氮标准贮备液的两种方法进行简单的介绍、并做标准曲线,对标准样品和水样进行对比实验。结果表明,两种方法做的标准曲线之间无显著性差异,监测结果较为一致。用高纯亚硝酸钠配制标准储备液省略标定过程的方法实际工作中具有参考价值。     

伊犁盆地黄土分布、年代及粉尘来源分析

本文根据最新的研究资料,结合野外考察对处于西风区的伊犁黄土的分布、年代和粉尘来源进行了分析总结,并探讨了伊犁盆地黄土堆积的空间差异性。研究结果表明,伊犁黄土主要分布在山前丘陵和高阶地上,这些地貌部位堆积厚度最大,黄土沉积受地形和气候影响明显;已有的剖面年代学研究表明伊犁黄土主要形成于末次冰期,与新疆其它地区黄土开始大范围堆积的时间大体一致,但还可能有比中更新世更老的黄土存在;粒度分布和矿物表面形态特征表明伊犁黄土可能是近源物质与远源粉尘沉积作用叠加的结果,不同地区黄土在堆积过程所受到动力条件可能存在明显的差异;伊犁黄土中粘土组分可能主要来自中亚荒漠和伊犁河中、下游地区,西风带来的粉尘对伊犁盆地不同地区黄土的贡献率不同。