山东地区黄土沉积特征与环境意义及其与黄土高原的对比

黄土高原与我国东部地区等地广泛分布的第四纪以来的粉尘堆积,是古气候变化的良好记录。但是,将我国黄土堆积视为一个整体、从地质历史的角度来进行区域对比和定量分析粉尘堆积的动态过程及其驱动机制的研究较少。在系统的野外调查与地层对比的基础上,对末次冰期沉积的山东庙岛群岛长岛黄土剖面与宁夏中卫冰沟黄土剖面进行了样品采集,经彻底的前处理后,采用Malvern Mastersizer 2000激光粒度仪进行了粒度分析,结果表明两者在粒度特征上存在一定的相似性,但冰沟剖面粒度明显比长岛剖面粒度粗,在整个末次冰期的风成沉积中,冰沟剖面的中值粒径为48.23μm,而长岛剖面为28.36μm;冰沟剖面的砂粒的百分含量为52.34%,而长岛剖面仅为23.47%。两个剖面均记录了末次冰期可与反映全球冰量变化的SPECMAP曲线对比的阶段,尽管其反映的气候状况并不完全相同。两剖面所指示的环境意义可能也存在差异,冰沟剖面的粒度变化主要反映了古风场强度的变化和沙漠的进退,长岛剖面粒度变化除了指示古风场强度的变化信息外,还指示了粉尘源区环境的变化,在一定程度上还指示了海平面变迁的信息。     

臭氧过量条件下异戊二烯氧化生成羰基化合物的产率

利用长光路傅立叶变换红外光谱(LP-FTIR)原位跟踪的方法,模拟研究了异戊二烯与过量臭氧氧化反应产生羰基化合物的过程.在反应温度(294±2)K,压力为1·01×105Pa空气,O3过量的条件下,异戊二烯很快反应完全,反应中生成的羰基产物主要包括甲基丙烯醛(MACR)、甲基乙烯基酮(MVK)、丙酮醛(MG)和甲醛(HCHO);产物中还包括甲酸(HCOOH)、一氧化碳和二氧化碳.由于MACR和MVK继续与O3反应直至完全,它们的产率随时间而变化,反应过程中观测到的最大产率分别为0·33±0·02和0·21±0·02;而MG,HCHO,HCOOH,CO和CO2不与O3发生反应,最终产率分别为0·48±0·03,0·87±0·03,0·49±0·03,0·60±0·03和0·65±0·10.异戊二烯臭氧氧化反应对大气羰基化合物特别是甲醛和丙酮醛具有重要贡献.     

RSI-MO反应器强化沼气原位深度脱硫研究

为实现剩余污泥厌氧消化沼气原位深度脱硫,采用向反应器中嵌入最佳剂量(20g/L)废铁屑并引入微氧条件,构建废铁屑-微氧(RSI-MO)工艺,探索微氧效应对厌氧消化稳定性、效率、脱硫的影响.试验分7阶段,P1阶段对照组,P2阶段加入RSI,P3～P7阶段逐步提高O2剂量.结果表明,MO激发硫氧化菌生物脱硫,促发RSI化学...     

自然灾害风险分析的时空尺度初探

自然灾害风险存在着显著的动态特性,即灾害风险会随时间与空间的变化而呈现出差异。研究自然灾害风险的时空差异是对自然灾害风险研究的进一步深化。其中,时空差异研究的一个重要前提条件是选择恰当的灾害风险分析的时空尺度。广度与粒度是时空尺度的两个孪生指标,时空广度限定了灾害风险评估在时间和空间上的有效范围,而时空粒度则是量度灾害风险时间和空间差异的最小单元。列出了风险时空差异的表达式,深入探讨自然灾害风险的时空尺度,并对我国三种典型的自然灾害(地震、洪涝和台风)风险分析的时空尺度选择进行了讨论,为进一步深入开展自然灾害风险时空差异分析奠定了基础。     

浙江省粮食贸易中的虚拟水研究

贸易中的虚拟水研究使人们认识到地区的水资源危机可以通过全球性的经济贸易来缓解。虚拟水的进出口是水资源的一个来源,通过贸易的形式、利用各种外部资源来缓解内部水资源的紧缺,最终解决水资源短缺和粮食安全问题,是社会实现水资源社会化管理、生态环境安全和社会经济可持续发展的战略保障。以浙江省为研究对象,首先利用各类农作物虚拟水含量标准,核算了1997~2006年10 a间浙江省粮食贸易的虚拟水含量。然后比较浙江省全年用水量和用水结构,计算得出粮食贸易产生的年净进口虚拟水量占浙江省年总用水量7.41%左右,占到年农业灌溉用水的1717%。研究结果表明,过去10 a浙江省粮食贸易的虚拟水是浙江省水资源的一个重要的补充。〖     

Effects of Land‐Use and Land‐Cover Change on Evapotranspiration and Water Yield in China During 1900‐20001

Abstract: China has experienced a rapid land‐use/cover change (LUCC) during the 20th Century, and this process is expected to continue in the future. How LUCC has affected water resources across China, however, remains uncertain due to the complexity of LUCC‐water interactions. In this study, we used an integrated Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) in conjunction with spatial data of LUCC to estimate the LUCC effects on the magnitude, spatial and temporal variations of evapotranspiration (ET), runoff, and water yield across China. Through comparisons of DLEM results with other model simulations, field observations, and river discharge data, we found that DLEM model can adequately catch the spatial and seasonal patterns of hydrological processes. Our simulation results demonstrate that LUCC led to substantial changes in ET, runoff, and water yield in most of the China’s river basins during the 20th Century. The temporal and spatial patterns varied significantly across China. The largest change occurred during the second half century when almost all of the river basins had a decreasing trend in ET and an increasing trend in water yield and runoff, in contrast to the inclinations of ET and declinations of water yield in major river basins, such as Pearl river basin, Yangtze river basin, and Yellow river basin during the first half century. The increased water yield and runoff indicated alleviated water deficiency in China in the late 20th Century, but the increased peak flow might make the runoff difficult to be held by reservoirs. The continuously increasing ET and decreasing water yield in Continental river basin, Southwest river basin, and Songhua and Liaohe river basin implied regional water deficiency. Our study in China indicates that deforestation averagely increased ET by 138 mm/year but decreased water yield by the same amount and that reforestation averagely decreased ET by 422 mm/year since most of deforested land was converted to paddy land or irrigated cropland. In China, cropland‐related land transformation is the dominant anthropogenic force affecting water resources during the 20th Century. On national average, cropland expansion was estimated to increase ET by 182 mm/year while cropland abandonment decreased ET by 379 mm/year. Our simulation results indicate that urban sprawl generally decreased ET and increased water yield. Cropland managements (fertilization and irrigation) significantly increased ET by 98 mm/year. To better understand LUCC effects on China’s water resources, it is needed to take into account the interactions of LUCC with other environmental changes such as climate and atmospheric composition.     

黄淮海地区水土资源粮食安全价值核算

水土资源是粮食生产和粮食安全的基础.水土资源粮食安全价值核算对于促进水土资源可持续利用,平衡地区粮食生产任务促进粮食安全具有积极意义.目前国内尚未有关于水土资源粮食安全价值系统的核算方法.本文根据虚拟水和虚拟土理论,综合考虑自然、经济和社会因素对粮食安全的影响,构建了粮食生产中的水土资源粮食安全价值核算方法体系,并以黄淮海地区为例进行了实证分析.结果表明:水土资源的粮食安全价值真实存在且可以量化,黄淮海地区各省市水土资源的粮食安全价值存在差异,河北、江苏、安徽、山东和河南省的水土资源粮食安全价值总量远远高于北京和天津,并提出了建立粮食安全补贴完善粮食安全价值实现途径的政策建议.     

CHAPARRAL CONTROL IN MOSAIC PATTERN INCREASED STREAMFLOW AND MITIGATED NITRATE LOSS IN ARIZONA1

ABSTRACT: In a 16-year paired watershed study in Arizona, a 303-acre chaparral watershed was treated by helicopter in a mosaic pattern (55 percent of watershed) with tebuthiuron herbicide pellets to control the moderately dense, heavy water-using chaparral. The objective was to determine if annual stream discharge could be increased without degrading other resource values. An adjacent untreated chaparral watershed served as the control on which to base the water quantity and quality treatment effects. Annual streamflow was increased by 1.5 to 5 inches over a seven-year evaluation period. The streamflow increase was accompanied by a small but statistically significant increase in nitrate concentration. The relatively small nitrate response was attributed to the mosaic treatment. Nitrate released from the converted areas was diluted by streamflow from untreated areas, thereby reducing nitrate concentrations in streamflow at the watershed outlet.     

Performance evaluation of a completely stirred anaerobic reactor treating pig manure at a low range of mesophilic conditions

Many Chinese biogas plants run in the lower range of mesophilic conditions. This study evaluated the performance of a completely stirred anaerobic reactor treating pig manure at different temperatures (20, 28 and 38 °C). The start-up phase of the reactor at 20 °C was very long and extremely poor performance was observed with increasing organic loading rate (OLR). At an OLR of 4.3 g ODM L^?1 d^?1, methane production at 28 °C was comparable (3% less) with that at 38 °C, but the risk of acidification was high at 28 °C. At low OLR (1.3 g ODM L^?1 d^?1), the biogas process appeared stable at 28 °C and gave same methane yields as compared to the reactor operating at 38 °C. The estimated sludge yield at 28 °C was 0.065 g VSS g^?1 COD_removed, which was higher than that at 38 °C (0.016 g VSS g^?1 COD_removed).     

太湖流域粮食生产时空格局演变与粮食安全评价

太湖流域既是中国传统粮食高产区又是当前经济发展的前沿阵地。论文从宏观视角探讨了该区1985-2010年27个县域粮食生产时空变化格局及粮食安全水平,结果表明:时间演化上该区粮食产量不稳定,但总体呈下降趋势,历经波动发展-急剧减少-稳步增长三阶段;空间差异亦较显著,除西北4个县域,其余地区粮食产量均有不同程度下降,粮食生产重心逐渐由中部向西北偏移,县域粮食生产相对优势弱化,整体粮食生产能力降低;粮食总产变异系数和70%以上年份波动系数超全国平均水平,粮食安全风险大;粮食不安全县域增多,2010年59%的县域粮食不安全。未来该区仍受到耕地数量减少和质量退化威胁,完善耕地保护政策并提出保障粮食安全的区域差别化措施具有重要的现实意义。