Production and the application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors. Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required start-up time. Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration. The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge, sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year, and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieves. The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration. The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h. SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences. SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp. was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance. The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.     

蒙城台磁变仪跳动及其原因的初探

2001-03-09蒙城地震台地磁磁变仪CB-3(观测仪，备份仪)同时出现三个分量动线的跳动，分析表明蒙城地震台地磁总强度F、 垂直强度Z发生变化。 其原因可能是强电流作用下，地下介质电性变化所致。     

Sampling The Soil In Long-Term Forest Plots: The Implications Of Spatial Variation

Long-term monitoring of forest soils as part of a pan-European network to detect environmental change depends on an accurate determination of the mean of the soil properties at each monitoring event. Forest soil is known to be very variable spatially, however. A study was undertaken to explore and quantify this variability at three forest monitoring plots in Britain. Detailed soil sampling was carried out, and the data from the chemical analyses were analysed by classical statistics and geostatistics. An analysis of variance showed that there were no consistent effects from the sample sites in relation to the position of the trees. The variogram analysis showed that there was spatial dependence at each site for several variables and some varied in an apparently periodic way. An optimal sampling analysis based on the multivariate variogram for each site suggested that a bulked sample from 36 cores would reduce error to an acceptable level. Future sampling should be designed so that it neither targets nor avoids trees and disturbed ground. This can be achieved best by using a stratified random sampling design.     

Physical properties and biodegradability of blends containing poly(ε-caprolactone) and tropical starches

In order to assess feasibility of tropical starches (sago and cassava starches) as biodegradable plastic materials, blending with poly(-caprolactone) (PCL), a biodegradable polymer, was carried out. It was confirmed that the physical properties (tensile strength and elongation) of PCL/sago and PCL/cassava blends were similar to those of PCL/corn blend, suggesting that sago and cassava starches can also be blended with PCL for production of biodegradable plastic. However, the properties of all PCL/starch blends were still low compared with those of polyethylene. Enzymatic degradability evaluation showed that lipase degradation of PCL and-amylase degradation of starch increased as the starch content in the blend increased. Burial test of the blends for 1, 3, and 5 months was carried out and the rate of degradation of the PCL/sago blend was confirmed to be slower than those of PCL/corn and PCL/cassava blends. Observation of the film blends structure by scanning electron microscope revealed that the starch was dispersed in a PCL continuous phase. Furthermore, changes in the film surface before and after enyzme treatments were observed.     

不同细菌分泌物及其反渗透膜污堵特性比较

反渗透(RO)工艺在城市污水再生处理中的应用越来越多,但膜污堵严重影响了该工艺的稳定运行.溶解性微生物产物(SMP)是造成RO膜污堵的最主要的有机物.本文以再生水厂RO膜面分离的两种细菌Pseudomonas sp. AM1-1和Chromobacterium sp.AM1-2的SMP为研究对象,比较了两者SMP的组成成分及其对RO膜的污堵能力.结果发现,在葡萄糖培养基中培养至稳定期后,两者产生的SMP中多糖与蛋白质比例均约为1∶1,AM1-1的SMP中多糖和蛋白质均呈双峰式分布,分布于大于10~5Da和小于10~3Da两个范围;AM1-2的SMP中,多糖分子量呈双峰式分布,主要分布于大于10~6Da的范围,有少量小于10~3Da,蛋白质分子量小于10~3Da.通过RO错流过滤污堵实验装置考察了两种SMP对RO膜的污堵特性,发现SMP中大分子有机物的分子量与SMP的膜污堵潜力密切相关,有机物分子量越大,SMP的膜污堵潜力越高,而多糖和蛋白质的比例并不是决定SMP膜污堵潜力的关键.因此,减少SMP中的大分子量物质(特别是大分子多糖)在RO膜表面的沉积,是缓解SMP造成的RO膜污堵的关键.     

白线蚓对蚯蚓处理城市污泥的影响

蚯蚓处理污泥反应器中,常伴大量的白色线蚓(寡毛纲、线蚓科).因此,本文以蚯蚓处理城市污泥为研究对象,初步探讨了白线蚓(Enchytraeus Spp.)接种密度对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisena fetida)处理城市污泥的影响.结果表明,白线蚓的密度显著影响了蚯蚓堆肥后产物的物理化学性质和蚯蚓的生物量.白线蚓接种密度与蚯蚓堆肥产物的pH值、电导率(EC)、总氮(TN)呈负相关;与其总有机碳(TOC)、有效磷(AP)、重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr及Cd的含量呈正相关.同时较高的白线蚓接种密度显著降低了蚯蚓的生长率,但蚯蚓的卵数未受显著影响.由此可知,蚯蚓和白线蚓在反应器中存在食物链竞争关系.本研究建议对蚯蚓处理污泥反应器中的白线蚓采取一定的控制措施.     

高温真空老化对X2101双马树脂基复合材料结构及力学性能的影响

目的研究高温-真空环境对新型X2101双马树脂基复合材料结构及性能的影响。方法采用管式炉分别在330,350,370,400℃等高温/真空耦合条件下对X2101双马树脂基复合材料层合板进行热老化处理,利用称重法、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、万能试验机和动态热机械分析仪(DMA)等测试手段表征分析老化条件对复合材料的质损率、化学结构、力学性能、动态力学行为的影响。结果复合材料的最高质损率低于4%。在350℃以下,热老化对基体树脂化学结构的影响较小,随着老化温度的升高,储能模量呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;350℃热老化10 h后复合材料的力学性能保持率在65%以上。结论 X2101双马树脂基复合材料是一种性能优良的耐高温结构材料,可用于制造在300℃高温下服役的航空航天结构件。     

湿热环境对PMMA混杂纳米复合材料性能的影响

目的研究湿热环境对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)混杂纳米复合材料性能的影响。方法利用制备的水包油型杂化乳液稳定剂EMI/GO/CNTs稳定以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为油相的水包油型Pickering乳液,用偶氮二异丁氰(AIBN)为引发剂,引发Pickering乳液进行悬浮聚合,聚合产物为PMMA混杂纳米复合材料。将PMMA混杂纳米复合材料模压成型,分别在室温及50℃下进行水浸吸湿实验。采用光学显微镜对Pickering乳液液滴形貌进行分析,通过复合材料的质量变化、动态力学分析测试、导电性测试,对复合材料的吸湿率、玻璃化转变温度及导电性变化进行分析。结果用EMI/GO/CNTs稳定的以MMA为油相的水包油型Pickering乳液具有良好的稳定性,乳液液滴的尺寸分布范围较窄,分布较均匀。复合材料的吸水量随时间增加逐渐增大,达到吸湿平衡状态后,吸湿率基本不变。不同温度下水浸复合材料的吸湿速度和平衡吸湿率不同,50℃水浸比25℃水浸的复合材料的吸湿速度快且平衡吸湿率大。湿热后复合材料的玻璃化转变温度基本不变。复合材料经湿热环境处理后电导率升高1~2个数量级。结论利用制备的杂化乳液稳定剂制备出Pickering乳液并进行悬浮聚合、模压成型,制备出PMMA复合材料。经水浸湿热处理后的复合材料,其吸湿率和电导率均有一定变化,玻璃化转变温度基本不变。     

鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地植物根系对水分垂向通量的影响

为了定量揭示湿地植物根系的水文效应,采用全物理机制的土壤水分运移数值模型,以鄱阳湖吴城湿地国家自然保护区的茵陈篙群落为例,模拟分析根系引起的水文效应.结果表明,根系将增加土壤饱和含水量与土壤进气值,显著改变土壤水分特征曲线（SWRC）与土壤蓄水能力;在考虑根系影响SWRC下模拟率定的土壤含水量与观测数据的时空变化一致：模型10和50cm观测值与拟合值相关系数由不考虑根系效应下的0.83提高至0.85,10和50cm深度土壤含水量的实测值与模拟值的均方根误差分别减少61%和83%.同时这种率定方法下的模拟相比以往的研究地下水补给根系层水量提高34%;考虑典型的根系效应蒸散发量和累积地下水边界向上通量分别增加10%和150%.而在气候极端干旱条件下地下水向上补给量在根系效应下增加7%~56%,累计差异可达38~312cm,同时蒸散发量增加13%.在植被生长旺季时若地下水埋深较深,则根系效应对蒸散发量的影响会放大.因此在进行相关的湿地生态水文过程和湿地水与物质平衡研究中,建议充分评估湿地植物根系的水文效应,并视计算的工况条件,考虑其水文效应在整个水文过程中的影响.     

Diclofenac sodium aqueous systems at low concentrations: Interconnection between physicochemical properties and action on hydrobionts

Diclofenac sodium(DS) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NSAIDs).NSAIDs are poorly removed during standard wastewater treatment.The consequences of the presence of NSAIDs in rivers and lakes at 10~(-11)–10~(-8) mol/L are not yet established;therefore, ecotoxicologists have focused their efforts on studying the effect of lowconcentration NSAIDs on fish and hydrobionts, and also on predicting the potential risks to humans.Literature provides some information about the bioeffects of some NSAID solutions in low concentrations but there is no physicochemical explanation for these phenomena.Studying the physicochemical patterns of DS solutions in the low range of concentrations and establishing an interconnection between the solutions' physicochemical properties and bioeffects can provide a conceptually new and important source of information regarding the unknown effects of DS.The physicochemical properties and action of DS solutions on Ceriodaphnia affinis cladocerans,Paramecium caudatum infusoria, Chlorella vulgaris unicellular green algae, as well as on the growth of the roots of Triticum vulgare wheat seeds, were studied in the calculated concentration range of 1 × 10~(-3)–1 × 10~(-18) mol/L.The relationship between these phenomena was established using the certified procedures for monitoring the toxicity of natural water and wastewater.It was shown for the first time that water solutions of DS are dispersed systems in which the dispersed phase undergoes a rearrangement with dilution, accompanied by changes in its size and properties, which affects the nonmonotonic dependences of the system's physicochemical properties and could cause nonmonotonic changes in action on hydrobionts in the low concentration range.