Properties of Starch/PVA Blend Films Containing Citric Acid as Additive

Starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend films were prepared successfully by using starch, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycerol (GL) sorbitol (SO) and citric acid (CA) for the mixing process. The influence of mixing time, additional materials and drying temperature of films on the properties of the films was investigated. With increase in mixing time, the tensile strength (TS), elongation (%E), degree of swelling (DS) and solubility (S) of the film were equilibrated. The equilibrium for TS, %E, DS and S value was 20.12 MPa, 36.98%, 2.4 and 0.19, respectively. The mixing time of equilibrium was 50 min. TS, %E, DS and S of starch/PVA blend film were examined adding glycerol (GL), sorbitol (SO) and citric acid (CA) as additives. At all measurement results, except for DS, the film adding CA was better than GL or SO because hydrogen bonding at the presence of CA with hydroxyl group and carboxyl group increased the inter/intramolecular interaction between starch, PVA and additives. Citric acid improves the properties of starch/PVA blend film compared to glycerol and sobitol. When the film was dried at low temperature, the properties of the films were clearly improved because the hydrogen bonding was activated at low temperature.     

建筑物最佳机械排烟量的研究

基于工程性能的防排烟设计,最佳机械排烟量的确定是个关键性的问题。在分析火灾中烟流性状的基础上,给出了火灾安全疏散判别依据,从烟控系统性能化设计的角度提出了最佳机械排烟量的基本思想,并利用实例进行了验证。计算结果表明:综合了安全性和经济性的最佳排烟量定义是正确的,该建筑物的最佳机械排烟量为72m3/(h.m2)。研究成果对建筑物防排烟系统的性能化设计具有重要参考价值。     

Problems and issues in laser beam welding of aluminum–lithium alloys

Aluminum–lithium (Al–Li) alloys are very attractive for potential aerospace applications due to their lower density, higher specific strength and rigidity, better corrosion and fatigue crack growth resistance properties, compared to conventional aluminum alloys. Laser beam welding (LBW), being an advanced joining method, has already been approved for applications involving aluminum alloys. However, there are still a number of problems and issues to be answered and solved in LBW of Al–Li alloys. In this review, the properties of Al–Li alloys and the characteristics of LBW are introduced, the formation and prevention of the main weld defects such as porosity and hot cracking are discussed, and then the weld microstructure and the joint mechanical properties are described in highlight. At the end, an outlook on future trends is presented.     

膨润土-白云石复合吸附剂对Fe2+和Mn2+的吸附性能

针对煤矿排出的大量含重金属离子的酸性矿山废水污染问题,采用自制膨润土-白云石复合颗粒吸附剂对含Fe2+和Mn2+的酸性矿山废水进行吸附试验研究。结果表明:膨润土-白云石复合颗粒吸附剂释放总碱度达118.39mg/g(以CaCO3计),可中和酸性矿山废水;随着废水中Fe2+和Mn2+浓度增加,膨润土复合颗粒吸附剂的吸附量在不断增加,且大于原膨润土颗粒吸附剂;建立了膨润土复合颗粒吸附剂对Fe2+和Mn2+的吸附等温式和吸附动力学方程式:膨润土复合颗粒吸附剂对Fe2+的吸附符合BET吸附,对Mn2+的吸附符合Freundlich吸附,对Fe2+、Mn2+的吸附动力学均符合准二级动力学。膨润土-白云石复合颗粒吸附剂既能释放碱度、又对Fe2+和Mn2+具有优良的吸附性能,可作为处理含重金属离子酸性矿山废水的绿色环保矿物材料应用于实际。     

Effect of application rate and irrigation on the movement and dissipation of indaziflam

Indaziflam is a new preemergence herbicide for the control of annual grass and broadleaf weeds in various cropping systems including pecan orchards. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the mobility and dissipation of indaziflam and (2) evaluate herbicide efficacy in a flood-irrigated pecan orchard in southern New Mexico, USA. Indaziflam was applied at 0, 36.5, and 73.1 g/ha in areas with (impacted) and without (unimpacted) tree injury symptoms. Soil samples were collected at 0–15, 15–30, and 30–46 cm depths 26, 63, 90, and 126 days after the first herbicide application. Additional soil samples were collected 4, 30, and 56 days after the second application. Indaziflam was detected in soil samples collected at each depth, suggesting movement with irrigation water. Indaziflam concentrations decreased with increasing soil depth and time. Indaziflam mass recoveries were greater in the unimpacted area than in the impacted area after the first and second applications. Dissipation half-lives of indaziflam in the soil ranged from 30 to 86 days for total indaziflam recovered from the entire soil profile after the first and second applications in both areas. The percent weed control was similar in the impacted and unimpacted areas for both rates of indaziflam on 26 and 63 days after application; however, on 90 days after the application, percent weed control was lower in the impacted than unimpacted area.     

新疆天山天池景区道路土壤磁学特征及其环境意义

为验证利用环境磁学方法监测旅游景区道路土壤污染的可行性,以新疆天山天池景区为研究区,采集不同道路土壤样品72件,并对其进行系统的磁学特征分析.结果表明:景区道路土壤样品磁性矿物含量适中,以亚铁磁性矿物(磁铁矿)为主,同时伴有少量不完全反铁磁性矿物;土壤磁性颗粒以多畴(MD)和稳定单畴(SSD)粗颗粒为主,且含有少量超顺磁性细颗粒(SP);从双因素方差分析结果看,不同位置道路土壤样品的磁性参数(χ_(LF)、SIRM、SOFT、χ_(FD)、SIRM/χ_(LF))和距离道路不同距离土壤样品的磁性参数(χ_(LF)、SIRM、SOFT、S_(-ratio))之间均存在显著性差异;景区旅游交通流量和距离道路远近、自然成土过程等人为和自然因素是影响景区道路土壤磁性特征变化的关键因素.     

十溴联苯醚降解菌的特性及功能蛋白初步分析

筛选获得了1株对十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)有较好降解效率的菌株,经16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定为铅黄肠球菌(Enterococcus casseliflavus).该株菌最适培养条件为培养基初始pH 7,培养时间48 h.E.casseliflavus对BDE-209有较好的降解效果,在含有5 mg·L-1葡萄糖的降解体系中,1 g·L-1菌体处理1 mg·L-1BDE-209,4 d时降解率达到最大(56.7%).SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳实验结果表明,在E.casseliflavus降解BDE-209的过程中,2 mg·L-1与5 mg·L-1的BDE-209可诱导菌体生成某类新的胞外蛋白,而胞内蛋白则随着BDE-209含量的增加,表现为蛋白表达量的增减以及受BDE-209抑制而不表达某些蛋白质.双向电泳实验结果检测到31个差异点,表明在降解时菌体中与降解相关的蛋白构象发生了变化,导致蛋白种类和含量变化.     

桂林盘龙洞滴水的物理化学指标变化研究及其意义

影响洞穴次生化学沉积物-石笋的形成因素,包括降水、气温、水温和滴水的性质(如pH值、电导率、Ca2+、HCO3-浓度和滴率等)。通过对桂林盘龙洞8个滴水点的2个水文年的监测表明,洞穴滴水主要来源于大气降水(或土壤水),受控于水-土-岩的相互作用。洞穴滴水对大气降水的响应较快,具有季节性的变化特征。洞穴滴水的物理、化学特性受降水、洞顶基岩厚度及渗入水的滞留时间、滴率的快、慢的影响。洞穴滴水的温度变化不大,大约为19.4~21.2℃。年平均pH值为7.85。洞穴滴水的电导率、Ca2+、HCO3-浓度与气温、水温和滴水速率表现为正相关关系。在夏半年,大气降水量大,土壤湿度大,土壤中PCO2分压高,溶解的CaCO3多,表层带下渗岩溶水的岩溶作用强,滴水的电导率、Ca2+、HCO3-浓度增大,滴水中的碳酸盐沉积多;而在冬半年或冬季,其降水量小或少,滴水的电导率、Ca2+、HCO3-浓度降低,指示溶解的CaCO3少,表层带下渗岩溶水的岩溶作用弱,水中Ca2+离子含量低,滴水沉积物的沉积量或生长量减少。从大气降水到土壤水再到洞穴滴水这些过程可以看出,洞穴滴水形成的岩溶次生化学碳酸盐沉积物-石笋,可记录岩溶环境变化的信息,已成为研究岩溶地区过去环境变化记录的重要载体。     

纳米SiO2和发泡剂对聚氨酯防火涂料阻燃性能的影响

近几年来我国火灾的严重性已使木材阻燃成为一项紧迫任务.为了提高马尾松胶合板的阻燃性能,以聚氨酯为对象,采用HRR3热释放率系统、HC-2氧指数测定仪等测定了涂覆膨胀型纳米聚氨酯防火涂料的马尾松胶合板的燃烧热释放率和氧指数,分析了纳米SiO2以及各种发泡剂对聚氨酯防火涂料阻燃性能的影响,并分析它们的阻燃机理.结果表明,在聚氨酯防火涂料中加入纳米SiO2,可使涂覆的胶合板燃烧失重和炭化体积明显降低,有效地提高阻燃性能,纳米SiO2用量以3%为宜.加入发泡剂可进一步提高涂料的阻燃效果和氧指数值.复合发泡剂比单一发泡剂效果好.在8种试验方案中,用尿素-双氰胺按1∶3的质量比组成的复合发泡剂阻燃效果最优,在HRR3热释放率系统测试中,涂覆的胶合板着火燃烧时间最长(69 s),达最高热释放率时间最短(130 s),热释放率峰值最低(53.45 kW/m2),氧指数值最高(55).     

苯酚对硝化颗粒污泥性能的影响

采用序批实验研究了苯酚对硝化颗粒污泥性能的影响.结果表明.苯酚的存在显著地降低了氨氮降解率,抑制了硝化颗粒污泥中氨氧化菌的活性和亚硝酸氧化菌的活性,显著地降低了氨氮的比降解速率和硝氮的比生成速率,降低了硝化颗粒污泥的硝化性能.苯酚去除后,硝化颗粒污泥中氨氧化菌的活性可以完全恢复,而亚硝酸氧化菌的活性不能完全恢复.苯酚的降解是硝化颗粒污泥中的好氧异养菌、硝化菌和厌氧的反硝化菌共同作用的结果.