蛇纹石综合利用的方法及其发展

简述了蛇纹石综合利用的方法，比较了它们的优缺点，提出了进一步发展的设想。     

超临界流体剥离制备石墨烯研究进展

综述了石墨烯的制备方法及其优缺点,详细介绍了超临界流体剥离制备石墨烯的原理、研究进展,重点讨论了超临界二氧化碳剥离制备石墨烯法的特点,并对发展方向进行了展望。超临界流体剥离制备石墨烯法设备简单、条件易达到,为大规模高效生产高质量的石墨烯提供了新的思路。     

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical coastal embayment (Moreton Bay,Australia)

Surface water methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) concentrations and fluxes were investigated in two subtropical coastal embayments (Bramble Bay and Deception Bay, which are part of the greater Moreton Bay, Australia). Measurements were done at 23 stations in seven campaigns covering different seasons during 2010–2012. Water–air fluxes were estimated using the Thin Boundary Layer approach with a combination of wind and currents-based models for the estimation of the gas transfer velocities. The two bays were strong sources of both CH₄ and N₂O with no significant differences in the degree of saturation of both gases between them during all measurement campaigns. Both CH₄ and N₂O concentrations had strong temporal but minimal spatial variability in both bays. During the seven seasons, CH₄ varied between 500% and 4000% saturation while N₂O varied between 128 and 255% in the two bays. Average seasonal CH₄ fluxes for the two bays varied between 0.5 ± 0.2 and 6.0 ± 1.5 mg CH₄/(m²·day) while N₂O varied between 0.4 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.6 mg N₂O/(m²·day). Weighted emissions (t CO₂-e) were 63%–90% N₂O dominated implying that a reduction in N₂O inputs and/or nitrogen availability in the bays may significantly reduce the bays' greenhouse gas (GHG) budget. Emissions data for tropical and subtropical systems is still scarce. This work found subtropical bays to be significant aquatic sources of both CH₄ and N₂O and puts the estimated fluxes into the global context with measurements done from other climatic regions.     

Role of nitric oxide in the genotoxic response to chronic microcystin-LR exposure in human–hamster hybrid cells

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most abundant and toxic microcystin congener and has been classified as a potential human carcinogen (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the genotoxic effects of MC-LR during chronic exposure are still poorly understood. In the present study, human–hamster hybrid (A_L) cells were exposed to MC-LR for varying lengths of time to investigate the role of nitrogen radicals in MC-LR-induced genotoxicity. The mutagenic potential at the CD59 locus was more than 2-fold higher (p < 0.01) in A_L cells exposed to a cytotoxic concentration (1 μmol/L) of MC-LR for 30 days than in untreated control cells, which was consistent with the formation of micronucleus. MC-LR caused a dose-dependent increase in nitric oxide (NO) production in treated cells. Moreover, this was blocked by concurrent treatment with the NO synthase inhibitor N^G-methyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA), which suppressed MC-LR-induced mutations as well. The survival of mitochondrial DNA-depleted (ρ⁰) A_L cells was markedly decreased by MC-LR treatment compared to that in A_L cells, while the CD59 mutant fraction was unaltered. These results provided clear evidence that the genotoxicity associated with chronic MC-LR exposure in mammalian cells was mediated by NO and might be considered as a basis for the development of therapeutics that prevent carcinogenesis.     

模拟室内环境下掺杂TiO2纳米晶体的光催化性能

采用环境测试舱模拟可见光下的室内环境,以甲醛气体的光催化降解为探针反应,评价了通过溶胶-凝胶法分别制备的8种(银Ag、铜Cu、铁Fe、钨W、铈Ce、镧La、硫S和氯C1)掺杂TiO2纳米晶体的光催化活性及对甲醛气体的去除效果.用X射线衍射、激光粒度分析和紫外-可见分光光谱表征了掺杂钠米TiO2的微晶尺寸、晶体结构与光学性能.结果表明,Cu掺杂可以提高TiO2对氧的吸附能力,减少纳米粒子表面光生电子与光生空穴的复合,使TiO2的光吸收带边发生红移且有利于对可见光的吸收,从而使Cu掺杂TiO2在模拟室内环境下光催化甲醛气体的能力得到明显提高.     

Solid fuels in chemical-looping combustion

The feasibility of using a number of different solid fuels in chemical-looping combustion (CLC) has been investigated. A laboratory fluidized bed reactor system for solid fuel, simulating a chemical-looping combustion system by exposing the sample to alternating reducing and oxidizing conditions, was used. In each reducing phase 0.2 g of fuel in the size range 180–250 μm was added to the reactor containing 40 g oxygen carrier of size 125–180 μm. Two different oxygen carriers were tested, a synthetic particle of 60% active material of Fe₂O₃ and 40% MgAl₂O₄ and a particle consisting of the natural mineral ilmenite. Effect of steam content in the fluidizing gas of the reactor was investigated as well as effect of temperature. A number of experiments were also made to investigate the rate of conversion of the different fuels in a CLC system. A high dependency on steam content in the fluidizing gas as well as temperature was shown. The fraction of volatiles in the fuel was also found to be important. Furthermore the presence of an oxygen carrier was shown to enhance the conversion rate of the intermediate gasification reaction. At 950 °C and with 50% steam the time needed to achieve 95% conversion of fuel particles with a diameter of 0.125–0.18 mm ranged between 4 and 15 min depending on the fuel, while 80% conversion was reached within 2–10 min. In almost all cases the synthetic Fe₂O₃ particle with 40% MgAl₂O₄ and the mineral ilmenite showed similar results with the different fuels.     

模拟酸雨对氧化锰吸附砷(Ⅲ)的解吸行为研究

以合成的氧化锰为吸附剂研究了酸雨pH值、酸雨离子强度、解吸时间和解吸次数等因素对模拟酸雨解吸砷(Ⅲ)的影响。实验结果表明:氧化锰对砷(Ⅲ)吸附容量较大,等温平衡吸附量为:48.38 mg/g。模拟酸雨的pH值与离子强度对砷(Ⅲ)的解吸影响不大;解吸反应在90 min后基本达到平衡,平衡解吸量为2.69×10-2mg/g;随解吸次数的增加解吸量变化不大。氧化锰对砷(Ⅲ)的吸附主要是专性的配位吸附,吸附砷(Ⅲ)后难以被模拟酸雨解吸。     

生化-调碱后垃圾渗滤液的Fenton深度处理效果

针对上海老港垃圾填埋场经过厌氧-曝气塘处理后的渗滤液难进一步处理的问题,对其采用厌氧滤池-好氧接触法、氧化钙2种方式预处理,在此预处理基础上,考察了Fenton法深度处理的效果,探讨了H2O2/Fe2+投加比、初始pH、H2O2投加量、反应时间和Fenton试剂投加方式对渗滤液COD去除效果的影响。研究发现:经过生物预处理后,渗滤液的COD和TP分别降低了24%和25%;氧化钙调碱可以进一步使COD和TP去除率分别达到42%和96%;后续Fenton深度氧化的最佳条件为:初始pH为2,H2O2投加量为2.4 g/L,H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比为5∶1,Fenton试剂一次投加,反应时间为2 h。在此条件下,渗滤液的COD从1 340 mg/L降到198 mg/L,总COD去除率达到85%。     

氧化亚铜光催化降解活性艳红的研究

制备了纳米SiO2-Cu2O复合氧化物,并对其进行表征。研究了SiO2-Cu2O在可见光照射下光催化降解活性艳红X-3B的性能。考察了催化剂组成、活性艳红浓度、催化剂用量、H2O2等对光催化反应的影响,还研究了Cu2O光催化反应动力学。结果表明,用SiO2摩尔含量为2%的SiO2-Cu2O光催化降解活性艳红,反应4 h,活性艳红降解率达到85%,降解反应为一级反应。     

Anthropogenic N2O production from landfill leachate treatment

The results of a field survey and laboratory study indicated that nitrogenous landfill leachate treatment can be a significant potential source of N2O emission. Nil (raw leachate) to 58.8ngmL(-1)h(-1) (sequential batch reactor) N2O emission was detected at five treatment plants in South China. The production and emission of N2O was especially high soon after the raw leachate was aerated. The emission was positively correlated with the dissolved N2O content in leachate; detected dissolved N2O ranged from 0 to 1309ngmL(-1). All leachate treatment plants studied were effective in NH4+-N removal (>95%); however, the highest N2O emission was estimated to be 0.25g N2Ocapita(-l)year(-1), comparable with the rate of N2O emission in conventional sewage treatment process.