EFFECTS OF HYDRILLA AND GRASS CARP ON WATER QUALITY IN A FLORIDA LAKE1

ABSTRACT Changes in water chemistry, water clarity, and planktonic chlorophyll a were measured as hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) abundance increased and then decreased in Lake Baldwin, Florida. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were used to eliminate submersed macrophytes. No major trends in lake pH, conductivity, or total nitrogen concentrations occurred in association with changes in hydrilla levels. Increased Secchi disc transparency and reductions in total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, potassium, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a concentrations occurred as hydrilla abundance increased. Large increases in the chemical parameters and a reduction in Secchi disc transparency occurred as hydrilla decreased and was eliminated from the lake by grass carp. The effects of hydrilla on lake water chemistry are related to the percentage of the lake's volume infested with hydrilla and macrophyte standing crop.     

Effects of off-road vehicles on coastal foredunes at Fire Island,New York,USA

The effects of off-road vehicles (ORVs) on the dune system of Fire Island National Seashore, New York, USA, were examined through a detailed, two-year field study. The experimental approach was adopted in order to evaluate the environmental effects of ORVs in this zone. Adjacent control and impact sites were established in two locations. Vehicle impacts were applied at the equivalent rate of one vehicle pass per week. Monitoring of foredune vegetation through sequential quadrat surveys and construction of sea-ward limit maps showed a significant loss of vegetation resulting from ORV impacting. Loss of vegetation resulted in an alteration of the natural foredune profile, which could increase dune erosion during storm wave attack.     

4种禾草用于覆盖层灌溉垃圾渗滤液的比较

以改良型百慕大草、普通狗牙根、香根草、百喜草4种禾草和经循环回灌处理后的渗滤液为实验材料,进行了不同体积浓度渗滤液在模拟垃圾填埋场植被覆盖层灌溉处理的实验研究.结果表明,经一个生长季12 mm d-1的渗滤液灌溉胁迫,改良型百慕大、香根草、普通狗牙根皆能生长,而百喜草在高浓度下不能存活.渗滤液15%浓度时,4种禾草生物量最大,随浓度的增大生物量明显下降,生物量和渗滤液体积浓度呈显著负相关;生物量下降率的大小表明了禾草对渗滤液的抗性百慕大＞香根草＞狗牙根＞百喜草.高浓度渗滤液灌溉会导致禾草活性氧产生和抗氧化系统清除间动态平衡的破坏和膜脂过氧化的加剧,加速了禾草衰老进程;保持抗氧化酶活性的稳定是禾草抗渗滤液胁迫的机制之一.渗滤液灌溉裸土覆盖层处理水量削减率和COD去除率分别为52.5%～57.6%和64.3%～66.1%,植被覆盖层灌溉处理效果优于裸土,水量削减率为61.3%～91.2%,COD去除率66.4%～94.0%.低浓度渗滤液下百慕大、狗牙根水量削减和COD去除效果较好,而高浓度时香根草较好.渗滤液覆盖层灌溉处理的水量削减和COD去除效果表明,填埋场终场覆盖层灌溉处理渗滤液是可行的,改良型百慕大和香根草是适宜的植被材料.图4表1参19     

亚硝酸盐氮对草鱼种耗氧率的影响及适应性研究

通过测定全血红蛋白和高铁血红蛋白及耗氧率，研究了草鱼种在NO－N作用下的生理变化和对NO－N的适应性,结果表明：ρ（NO－N）在O～4mg·L－1范围内可使草鱼种耗氧率增加，并于1mp·L－1和4mg·L－1处出现峰值和次峰值；经暴露处理的鱼种在恢复21d后，显示出对NO-N的适应性．     

EFFECTS OF A DAIRY LOAFING LOT-BUFFER STRIP ON STREAM WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: A loafing or sacrifice lot is an area located outside of the free stall barn, where a dairy herd spends several hours per day. Sacrifice lots are usually denuded of vegetation and have high concentrations of manure and urine that can contribute significant amounts of sediment, nutrients, and pathogens to nearby surface waters. In this study, stream water quality impacted by direct runoff from a sacrifice lot was monitored for a period of 20 months. Ambient stream water quality was monitored by grab sampling upstream and downstream of the sacrifice lot. During runoff events, stream water quality downstream of the sacrifice lot was monitored with an automatic sampler. Laboratory analyses were conducted for total suspended solids and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus compounds). A grass filter strip (GFS) was installed as a buffer downslope of the sacrifice lot 10 months into the study period. The impact of the buffer strip on the standardized pollutant concentrations and loads was evaluated using the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. The Wilcoxon test indicated that there was no significant difference (α= 0.05) in the standardized yield of sediment and dissolved pollutants before and after the GFS installation, except for phosphate-phosphorus and filtered total phosphorus concentrations, and sediment-bound total phosphorus and total kjeldahl nitrogen loads that decreased significantly. However, load decrease could have been partially caused by the smaller rainfall volumes after the GFS installation as compared to the existing condition.     

洞庭湖区芦苇和荻的饲用潜力及开发利用

洞庭湖区拥有丰富的芦苇和荻资源。两者鲜嫩时的化学与营养成分接近优良牧草黑麦草,适于饲喂牛。若于拨节中期收获２～４次,则可年产干草４．５～７．５×１０５ｔ,可为８．２２～２０．５５×１０４个黄牛单位提供全年用优质饲草;若再与湖区丰富的农副产品相配合,发展集约化商品性的养牛业是切实可行的。收获的牧草可通过青饲、青贮、调制干草、加工成草粉或颗粒配方饲料的方式加以利用。为保障秋季其他用途的收获及第二年的正常生长发育,必须要采取一系列行之有效的措施,其中人工促进再生复壮和加强宏观调控是最关键的环节。     

科尔沁沙地农牧交错区景观持续性研究

科尔沁沙地农牧交错区景观持续性的分析表明,在不同时间尺度上,景观多样性的持续性增加1.038(±0.033),而景观优势度持续性下降0.873(±0.112),说明在1958年固定沙丘地占主导地位的景观逐渐演化成流动沙丘、半固定沙丘、固定沙丘和农田相间分布、平分秋色的景观。在农牧业生产活动的影响下,景观格局的持续性在空间形状的变化上趋向复杂(景观分维数持续性为1.008),而其相邻性下降(景观修改分维数0.953)。斑块尺度上,不同时间尺度的分析显示,流动沙丘和半固定沙丘斑块面积持续性增加,而固定沙丘和农田斑块面积持续减少;从斑块格局的持续性来看,半固定沙丘地空间格局的持续性呈增加的趋势最明显,为1.038(±0.087),固定沙丘地空间格局的持续性呈减少的趋势最明显,为0.806(±0.032);40年来科尔沁沙地的农牧交错活动对斑块修改分维数的持续性影响是一致的,呈下降的趋势,说明该过程减少了景观中斑块间的相邻性。     

浅基质层干植草沟运行效果的现场实验

为避免设施出水下渗污染地下水并防止市政管道雨污倒灌进入设施,于上海市区高架路下方建造一座排水管上弯的不透型浅层干植草沟.根据2019年汛期内进、出水量及水质的长期监测,对设施水文及水质控制效果进行评价.结果表明监测期内设施径流总量控制率为39.4%,对初始雨强小于8.0 mm·h~(-1)的降雨具有明显峰值削减效果;设施能有效去除道路径流中总悬浮固体(TSS)、化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)和总氮(TN),污染物负荷去除率分别为95.4%、 83.1%、 90.0%和57.7%;设施基质层添加的发酵木屑和排水管上弯的构造可在进水期实现反硝化并在前期无雨期(ADP)维持一定反硝化效果,设施水力负荷(HLR)的增大及无雨期的延长分别影响进水期与无雨期硝酸盐氮(NO~-_3-N)的去除.在基质层饱和渗透速率较高、厚度较浅条件下,设施有效改善了道路径流水质.不透型干植草沟可与市区河道的调蓄容积结合,共同承担起高地下水位地区实现年径流总量与污染负荷控制率的任务.     

两性复配修饰黏土对苏丹草修复Cu2+污染紫色土的影响

为了探索添加吸附材料对植物修复Cu²⁺污染土壤的影响,选取不同十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱 （BS-12）和十四烷基磺酸钠 （STS）复配修饰比例（50%BS-12+25%STS、50%BS-12+50%STS和50%BS-12+100%STS）的膨润土作为吸附材料,将其分别以1%的质量比加入到紫色土（PS）中,形成PS（对照）、PBS₂₅（50%BS-12+25%STS修饰膨润土混合紫色土）、PBS₅₀和PBS₁₀₀四种混合土样。采用盆栽实验对比苏丹草在0（CK）、50、100、200和500 mg/L Cu²⁺污染混合土样中的发芽率、株高、地上部和根系生物量,并分析混合土样和苏丹草对Cu²⁺污染的修复效果。结果显示,随着Cu²⁺处理浓度的增加,苏丹草在PS上的种子发芽率逐渐降低,而在各PBS土样上的发芽率基本保持先增加后稳定的趋势;不同Cu²⁺污染混合土样上的苏丹草株高均随生长时间的增加而增加。苏丹草地上部、根系干重和鲜重在PBS₂₅、PBS₅₀土样上均随Cu²⁺处理浓度的增大而降低,而在PS和PBS₁₀₀土样上均随Cu²⁺处理浓度的增加先增加后降低,峰值分别出现在200和100 mg/L的Cu²⁺处理。Cu²⁺污染处理下苏丹草各生理指标之间均保持中度以上正相关关系,且相关系数表现为PBS₁₀₀最高、PBS₂₅和PBS₅₀次之、PS最低的趋势。各混合土样对Cu²⁺的吸附能力表现为PBS₂₅ > PBS₅₀ > PBS₁₀₀ > PS,苏丹草对Cu²⁺的富集含量表现为PS > PBS₁₀₀ > PBS₅₀ > PBS₂₅的趋势,苏丹草联合两性复配黏土修复Cu²⁺污染紫色土的修复率达99%以上。     

对二氯苯和镉对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的联合毒性效应研究

以静水法生物测试研究了对二氯苯和镉对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的联合毒性效应,并采用Marking水生毒理联合毒性相加指数法对联合毒性效应进行了评价.结果表明, 对二氯苯和镉对草鱼的单一毒性作用时,24、48、72和96 h对二氯苯对草鱼的LC₅₀分别是10.11、9.04、8.52和7.83 mg/L; 24、48、72和96 h镉对草鱼的LC₅₀分别是40.02、35.05、28.99和24.41 mg/L,因此对二氯苯的毒性大于镉的毒性. 对二氯苯和镉对草鱼种的联合毒性作用,当采用毒性1∶1进行试验时,暴露时间分别为24、48、72、96　h时AI>0,联合作用结果为协同作用,而当采用浓度1∶1进行试验时,表现出暴露时间为24、48、72 h的AI<0,联合作用结果表现为拮抗作用,而暴露时间为96 h时AI>0,联合作用结果则为协同作用,即随着暴露时间的增加,对二氯苯和镉的联合毒性作用从拮抗作用转变为毒性剧增的协同作用.