Can domestic production of iLUC-free feedstock from arable land supply Sweden’s future demand for biofuels?

The increasing biofuel production from agricultural crops has been suggested to cause indirect land use change (iLUC). This increases interest in biofuel feedstocks that qualify as iLUC-free: (1) residues without a market, (2) crops from previously unused arable land, (3) additional crops and (4) biomass from intensified production. In the present study, biofuel potential from such feedstocks was quantified for Sweden and compared against the predicted biofuel demand from agricultural resources in 2030. The results indicate that straw (category 1) could cover up to 37% of future biofuel demand. Grass leys from intensified production (category 4), set-aside and abandoned land (category 2) and excess grass silage (category 1) could cover up to 79%. Intermediate and ecological focus area crops (category 3) could contribute up to 21%. To realize the biofuel targets, a high implementation rate of additional iLUC-free feedstock is needed. Future studies need to investigate impacts of low-iLUC policies.     

渗排植被浅沟应用于处置路面径流案例分析

针对非点源径流污染问题,在对渗排植被浅沟的构造、场地布置原则、设计流量、水力计算及主要参数等分析的基础上,以廊坊市大皮营渠沿线雨洪控制利用工程中新型植被浅沟处理路面径流为例,从水质净化及径流削减两方面考察了浅沟的运行效果。结果表明,渗排浅沟对小降雨事件能发挥较好的径流削减效果,其径流削减百分比随进水流量的增加减小。相比于传统传输型植被浅沟,径流中SS、TP得到了有效去除,COD、NH+4-N则由于其溶解性较强而去除率提升幅度不高。     

几种牧草对铜尾矿重金属的抗性及其微生物效应

铜尾矿是一类重金属含量极高 ,对植物生长产生毒害的生境 .盆栽试验结果表明 ,4种牧草在纯尾矿以及由尾矿和对照土壤组成的混合尾矿上都能生长 ,但植物的长势随尾矿中重金属含量的增加而减弱 ,4种牧草对重金属的抗性依次表现为百喜草 >苇状羊茅 >黑麦草 >狗芽根 .此外 ,Biolog结果显示 ,土壤微生物群落代谢剖面 (AWCD)及群落丰富度、多样性指数与牧草的长势密切相关 ,种植牧草后能明显地提高土壤微生物群落功能多样性 ,提高幅度表现为百喜草 >苇状羊茅 >黑麦草>狗芽根 ,百喜草可望成为金属尾矿植被恢复的先锋牧草 .     

香烟烟雾水溶液对小草鱼急性毒性试验的研究

用毒理学方法测定香烟烟雾水溶液(water-soluble contents of cigarette smoke,WSCCS)对小草鱼的TLM24,用TLM24的WSCCS对小草鱼进行急性毒性试验并观察鳃丝组织切片,了解WSCCS对小草鱼的急性毒性作用。结果表明,香烟烟雾水溶液对小草鱼有较强的急性毒性作用,WSCCS对小草鱼的半致死浓度为0.4支/L。急性中毒小草鱼出现跳跃、侧翻、反应迟钝、丧失平衡力及死亡的现象,鳃丝排列不规则,发生弯曲。     

南京城区近地表不同地面覆盖层热岛效应观测与分析

在2008年7月27～28日南京城郊14个观测点温湿度观测数据的基础上,对南京城区、环玄武湖区和郊区的水泥地面、草地以及地面以上80cm高程近地表处的大气温湿度日变化规律、热岛效应和干岛效应强度进行了分析。结果表明:①南京城区近地表的热岛效应十分明显,城郊最大日平均温差:水泥地为3.1°C,大气为1.9°C,草地为1.2°C;②环玄武湖区水泥地的热岛效应明显,但近地表的大气和草地的热岛效应几乎不存在;③城区干岛效应明显,城区湿度比郊区明显要小,其中水泥地的平均湿度差最大,达到-14.1%;④城区湿度与温度呈相反的日变化规律,且湿度的变化主要取决于大气的温度变化;⑤南京城区雨花台、新街口、南汽和夫子庙等地的热岛效应较强,城市中的湖泊和草地对缓解城市热岛效应有显著的作用,而城市中的水泥地面对城市热岛效应起到明显的加剧作用,长江对城西地区的热岛效应起到消解作用。     

光伏太阳能仿生水草景观水体净化系统

针对景观水体污染问题,基于绿色能源、环境相容、便于实施的理念,构建光伏太阳能仿生水草景观水体净化系统,其中以太阳能电池板为气泵提供动力,通过盘组释放出微气泡,提升水体溶解氧水平;以绿色环保玄武岩纤维材料为基材,编制仿生水草填料,为水体净化微生物提供栖息地;以适生水生景观植物为浮床植物,附加基质材料和定植篮,组成具有景观效应的生态浮床。利用系统对实际景观湖泊水体运行一个月,结果表明,系统充氧性能强,充氧速度快,水体最大DO质量浓度能达到7.88 mg/L;水体水质净化效率高,处理水质稳定,试验水体COD指标维持在《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类水平,氨氮、TP维持在《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅱ类水平,总体水质基本提升一个等级。     

Estimating the Extent of Impervious Surfaces and Turf Grass across Large Regions

The ability of researchers to accurately assess the extent of impervious and pervious developed surfaces, e.g., turf grass, using land‐cover data derived from Landsat satellite imagery in the Chesapeake Bay watershed is limited due to the resolution of the data and systematic discrepancies between developed land‐cover classes, surface mines, forests, and farmlands. Estimates of impervious surface and turf grass area in the Mid‐Atlantic, United States that were based on 2006 Landsat‐derived land‐cover data were substantially lower than estimates based on more authoritative and independent sources. New estimates of impervious surfaces and turf grass area derived using land‐cover data combined with ancillary information on roads, housing units, surface mines, and sampled estimates of road width and residential impervious area were up to 57 and 45% higher than estimates based strictly on land‐cover data. These new estimates closely approximate estimates derived from authoritative and independent sources in developed counties.     

Distribution of Calculated Indices and an Attempt of Its Biological Interpretation Using the Production Characteristics of Grass Communities

The distribution of indices characterizing the productivity structure of natural, semicultivated, and cultivated grass communities has been analyzed. The proportion of normally distributed series accounts for more than half of all series in wheat fields and herb–reedgrass meadows and less than one-third of all series in sown grass mixtures.     

MC-LR对草鱼肠道显微结构和炎症相关细胞因子表达的影响

微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)是蓝藻水华暴发产生的一种毒素,在水生生态系统中广泛分布.为探讨MC-LR对鱼类的肠道免疫毒性,分别对草鱼经腹腔注射不同剂量的MC-LR(25、75和100μg·kg-1),24、48、72和96 h后取样,分别进行组织病理变化和炎症相关细胞因子表达分析.显微结构结果显示,肠道组织病理变化表现为微绒毛结构破坏并伴随淋巴细胞浸润,肠上皮细胞排列紊乱,杯状细胞数目显著增多,粘膜固有层充血,在高剂量组甚至出现粘膜固有层分离的现象,且有剂量和时间效应.采用荧光定量PCR方法检测了炎症相关细胞因子IL-1β、IL-8、IL-10、TNF-α和TGF-β的mRNA转录水平变化.结果显示促炎性细胞因子IL-1β、IL-8和TNF-α表达在低剂量组显著上升,而在高剂量组的表达多被抑制;而抗炎性细胞因子IL-10 mRNA仅在25μg·kg-1BW处理组表达差异变化显著,但在高剂量组表达变化差异不显著,TGF-β1的表达仅在75和100μg·kg-1处理组分别处理72和24 h后显著降低,其他差异不显著.从以上结果推测MC-LR的肠道免疫毒性主要表现为肠黏膜结构的破坏以及产生炎性反应,其中对肠黏膜结构的破坏具有剂量依赖效应.