Evidence for Atmospheric Deposition Impacts On the Enchytraeid Worm Population of Uk Upland Ombrotrophic Peats

The results of four experiments on acidification effects upon the Enchytraeid worm populations of ombrotrophic peats are reported. in the first, populations were measured in peats from Calluna vulgaris-dominated microcosms collected from along a gradient in N deposition in the UK and subjected for 18 months to simulated precipitation with a solute composition appropriate for their site of collection. There was a significant decline in Enchytraeid population along the N deposition gradient for Calluna-dominant microcosms, but when grasses took over from the Calluna, Enchytraeid numbers increased significantly. in the second experiment, two sets of peat moorland microcosms from a single site, supporting Calluna and Calluna-grass mixed vegetation, were subjected for 12 months to ambient and 2- and 6-times the ambient N deposition. Additional N was added in two forms, as ammonium sulphate and as nitric acid. the high N treatments significantly reduced the Enchytraeid populations for both vegetation types. in a third experiment, the pH preference for the Enchytraeids was assessed using interconnected tubes of peat covering the pH range 2.2-8.7. the preferred pH range after 8 months was 2.7-3.7. in the final experiment, it was found that recolonization with Enchytraeids after initial removal was more rapid under grass dominant vegetation than under Calluna dominant vegetation.     

地被物对土壤水分动态和水量平衡的影响研究

通过土壤水分渗漏装置试验研究了百喜草( Paspalum notatum) 及其枯落物在红壤坡地对土 壤水分动态和水量平衡的影响。结果表明, 百喜草覆盖(A) 、百喜草敷盖(B) 、裸露对照(C) 的地表径 流系数分别为1.35%、2.78%和32.74%, C 的地表径流量分别是A、B 的24.25 倍和11.78 倍。A、B、C 的月均土壤含水量变化规律显示, 地被物对土壤含水量的影响随季节的不同而不同, 不同地被物可 以增加或减少土壤水分。年均土壤含水量排列顺序是: B( 27.09%) >A( 26.46%) >C( 26.27%) 。不同处 理水量平衡各分量有较大差异。在2002 年降雨量1 808.5mm 的情况下, A、B、C 的年总径流深分别 为1 245.24、1 453.81 和1 383.23mm, 蒸散量分别为562.74、347.91 和413.82mm, 土壤蓄水年变化 量分别为0.52、6.78 和11.45mm。     

低pH对草鱼呼吸活动和耗氧代谢的影响

研究了低pH(6.0—3.6)对草鱼呼吸活动机能及耗氧代谢的影响.结果表明,在pH4.6—3.6条件下,草鱼呼吸和气体代谢活动受干扰的程度随酸度增大而急剧加重.其具体表现为:呼吸率加快,咳嗽反应增加,呼吸深度加大.耗氧率起始升高继而迅速下降,并在极端pH(3.6)下最终引起机体组织缺氧而致死.对于pH5.6,草鱼各类呼吸与代谢指标未受明显影响,基本属于正常.供试草鱼对低pH反应的灵敏程度依次为:咳嗽率>呼吸率>耗氧率>呼吸深度.     

两种金属和两种农药对草鱼不同发育阶段的毒性效应

进行了金属和农药对草鱼不同发育阶段影响的试验。结果表明,对草鱼胚胎孵化率的影响,96h的EC_(50)值分别为:Cd~(2+)0.078mg/L;Cu~(2+)0.17mg/L;丙体六六六1.0mg/L;对硫磷1.0mg/L。畸形症状呈现出草鱼胚胎卵黄囊水肿,心脏发育受阻而形成管状心脏、胚体弯曲(弯体)等。草鱼的不同发育阶段对金属的敏感性存在着差异:Cd~(2+)96h的LC_(50)值,胚胎为0.1—0.5mg/L;10日龄草鱼苗为0.34mg/L;120日龄草鱼种为8mg/L.Cu~(2+)96h的LC_(50)值,胚胎为0.3—0.5mg/L;10日龄草鱼苗为0.11mg/L;120日龄草鱼种为0.59mg/L.     

香根草技术在道路路基防护与绿化上的作用

香根草具有耐涝、耐旱、耐瘠、耐火、生长快等生物学特性。同时又具有优良的工程参数如抗张强度、剪切强度、穿透性等，其庞大深扎的根系可有效地固定坡地土壤，防止浅层土体的位移。它易种植、好管理、成本低、所形成的绿篱可有效地防治水土流失，保护公路、铁路边坡，以及稳固堤岸、水坝、矿山等工程设施。     

环境保护中的退耕还林(草)工程与可持续发展

环境保护是我国的一项基本国策,退耕还林(草)是保护环境的有效措施．加强环境教育,完善环境法制,加强现代科技管理,发展生态经济,通过退耕还林(草)工程贯彻可持续发展战略,最终达到环境与经济、社会“共赢”的目的。     

DDT污染土壤的植物修复技术

本文报道用植草方法研究为DDT及其主要降解产物污染土壤的植物修复技术。在污染物的浓度为 0 .2 15mg/kg的土壤中 ,种植 10种草 3个月后DDT及其主要降解产物的总含量分别降低 19.6 %— 73.0 %。种植不同品种的草对土壤中污染物有不同的去除能力 ,其中以种植丹麦产的Taya草 (Per .ryegrass)与美国产的Titan草 (Tallfescue)为最强。用种植草的方法修复受DDT及其主要降解产物污染的土壤是一项可行的技术。在去除土壤中DDT的作用上 ,草的吸收是轻微的 ,只占原施药量的 0 .13%— 1.0 8% ,土壤中污染物消失的主要因素是土壤中生物降解作用的结果。     

Response of Savanna Fire Regimes to Changing Fire-Management Policies in a Large African National Park

Abstract:  Approaches to fire management in the savanna ecosystems of the 2-million ha Kruger National Park, South Africa, have changed several times over the past six decades. These approaches have included regular and flexible prescribed burning on fixed areas and a policy that sought to establish a lightning-dominated fire regime. We sought to establish whether changes in management induced the desired variability in fire regimes over a large area. We used a spatial database of information on all fires in the park between 1957 and 2002 to determine elements of the fire regime associated with each management policy. The area that burned in any given year was independent of the management approach and was strongly related to rainfall (and therefore grass fuels) in the preceding 2 years. On the other hand, management did affect the spatial heterogeneity of fires and their seasonal distribution. Heterogeneity was higher at all scales during the era of prescribed burning, compared with the lightning-fire interval. The lightning-fire interval also resulted in a greater proportion (72% vs. 38%) of the area burning in the dry season. Mean fire-return intervals varied between 5.6 and 7.3 years, and variability in fire-return intervals was strongly influenced by the sequencing of annual rainfall rather than by management. The attempt at creating a lightning-dominated fire regime failed because most fires were ignited by humans, and the policy has been replaced by a more pragmatic approach that combines flexible prescribed burning with lightning-ignited fires.     

沿海框围养鱼生态系统能量转换效率的分析

分析了沿海滩地３种框围养鱼方式（即精料、种草、化肥养鱼）的能量转换效率及种草养鱼的经济效益。初步得出：在沿海滩地低投入框围养鱼中应重视对太阳能的利用；种草养鱼在３种养鱼方式中能量转换效率最高，经济效益较佳，应推广种草养鱼技术，提高资源利用率。     

林冠特征对城市森林斑块消减空气PM2.5质量浓度的影响

研究城市森林斑块消减空气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力,以及这种能力的主要影响因素,对改善城市空气环境具有重要的意义.本研究测定了南昌市典型城市森林斑块消减PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力(PM_(2.5)AC),并分析了PM_(2.5)AC对城市森林斑块林分组成、冠层特征的响应.研究表明:南昌市城市森林斑块具有显著消减空气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力,其中针叶林斑块PM_(2.5)AC最高,达到9.15%,阔叶纯林最低3.82%;整体上春季PM_(2.5)AC最高,达到7.34%,冬季最低3.76%.城市森林斑块PM_(2.5)AC与林冠特征中的LAI(叶面积指数)显著正相关,与DIFN(天空开度)显著负相关,与斑块特征中的斑块面积、林分结构、斑块总叶面积显著正相关.通过综合分析,城市森林斑块总叶面积是主导PM_(2.5)AC的主要影响因素.