Hand-arm vibration disorder among grass-cutter workers in Malaysia

Introduction. Prolonged exposure to hand-transmitted vibration from grass-cutting machines has been associated with increasing occurrences of symptoms and signs of occupational diseases related to hand–arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out using an adopted HAVS questionnaire on hand–arm vibration exposure and symptoms distributed to 168 male workers from the grass and turf maintenance industry who use hand-held grass-cutting machines as part of their work. The prevalence ratio and symptom correlation to HAVS between high and low–moderate exposure risk groups were evaluated. Results. There were positive HAVS symptoms relationships between the low–moderate exposure group and the high exposure group among hand-held grass-cutting workers. The prevalence ratio was considered high because there were indicators that fingers turned white and felt numb, 3.63, 95% CI [1.41, 9.39] and 4.24, 95% CI [2.18, 8.27], respectively. Less than 14.3% of workers stated that they were aware of the occupational hand–arm vibration, and it seemed to be related to the finger blanching and numbness. Conclusion. The results suggest that HAVS is under-diagnosed in Malaysia, especially in the agricultural sectors. More information related to safety and health awareness programmes for HAVS exposure is required among hand-held grass-cutting workers.     

伊犁河谷退耕还草的模式及生态经济效益探讨

退耕还林还草、进行生态环境建设是我国政府制定的一项战略性措施。伊犁河谷需要退耕还草的面积为14.13×104hm2,河谷自然地理条件较复杂,不同地域水、土、光、热条件差异较大,本文就伊犁河谷不同地域退耕还草的模式、生态经济效益及相关技术问题进行了探讨。     

EFFICACY AND COST OF AQUATIC WEED CONTROL IN SMALL PONDS'

ABSTRACT: Twenty, 0.2 hectare ponds were utilized for a four-year evaluation of three aquatic vegetation control techniques: a combination of inorganic fertilization and mechanical harvesting, aquatic herbicides, and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Ponds used for herbicide and grass carp treatments were managed at three levels of aquatic vegetation (none, 40 and 70 percent plant occupation). Submersed vegetation was not controlled with inorganic fertilization. Vegetation levels were maintained for less than 30 days after mechanicai harvesting. Submersed macrophytes were not completely eliminated with herbicides, but the herbicide treatments utilized were effective at maintaining aquatic vegetation above 30 percent pond volume occupation. Grass carp consumed all species of submersed vegetation at the stocking densities used in this study; therefore, planned levels of submersed macrophytes were not maintained. Grass carp did not consume all floating leaf vegetation, but after four years some grass carp ponds did have lower densities of floating leaf plants. Fertilization costs were $608/hectare/year, and mechanical harvesting costs were $1979/hectare/year, resulting in a total aquatic vegetation treatment cost of $2587/hectare/ year. Herbicide costs for the different treatment levels ranged from $417/hectare/year to $1339/hectare/year over the four-year period. Grass carp were the most economical vegetation control measure tested, with costs ranging from $159/hectare/year to $248/hectare/year for the four-year study.     

EFFLUENT IRRIGATION OF PARA GRASS: WATER,NITROGEN, AND BIOMASS BUDGETS1

Para grass, irrigated with secondary domestic sewage effluent, showed excellent response for disposal of large amounts of water, effective nitrogen removal, and high production of excellent fodder. This grass is found throughout the tropics and parts of the subtropics. It endures flooding and forms dense, easily maintained stands. This is the first time its use has been reported for effluent irrigation. Water, nitrogen, and biomass budgets over a 17-month period were measured in eight percolate style lysimeters. Under irrigation rates as great as 98 mm/day, five days/week, evapo-transpiration averaged 4.6 mm/day. With nitrogen applications of 130 to 2,600 kg/ha/yr, ≥ 79 percent of applied nitrogen was harvested in the grass; 3 percent percolated; and ≤ 28 percent was denitrified. With the highest effluent irrigation rates, nitrate-nitrogen levels remained below the 10 mg/L maximum recommended for potable water. Crop productivity for full effluent treatments averaged 110 t/ha/yr, dry weight. Maximum calculated crude protein content was 13 percent. No nitrate-nitrogen level in the forage exceeded 0.1 percent.     

非离子氨对NO-2-N作用于草鱼种毒性的影响

在(25±1)℃水温条件下,通过急性毒性实验,探讨非离子氨对NO-2-N作用于草鱼种毒性的影响.结果表明,在不加非离子氨时,N0-2N对草鱼种48 hrLC50和96 hrLC50值分别为6.76、5.99mg/L,而当非离子氨达0.8 mg/L,其值分别为3.54、2.41 mg/L.这说明非离子氨增强了NO-2-N对草鱼种的致死效应.     

西藏芒康滇金丝猴国家级自然保护区变化监测

以第一次全国地理国情普查与基础性地理国情监测数据为数据源,开展西藏芒康滇金丝猴国家级自然保护区内2015、2016、2017、2018年自然保护区建设与管理情况监测,分别从人工地物、林草资源、露天采掘场等方面进行统计,分析人类活动对自然保护区内的生态系统胁迫以及区内生态恢复情况等。     

B样条曲线曲面特殊形状的构造原理与方法

在曲线曲面的设计中,经常遇到特殊形状的设计,如直线中插入尖点和直线段,曲面中插入棱线和直纹面,这些简单重型值点方法来实现,但若在曲面中夹尖点,平面片和棱角仍存在较大困难,而这些特殊形状在曲面设计中又经常用到,本文通过巧妙地构造型值点阵,得到了夹平面片,尖点和棱角的3次B样条曲面的构造原理与方法.图8,参6.     

退耕还林与贫困地区粮食安全的实证分析--以宁夏回族自治区为例

本文以实证分析的方法,以宁夏地区为例,通过研究该地区2003年200户退耕户和100户非退耕户之间。以及二者与1999年实行退耕还林政策前的人均粮食消费量和人均食品支出水平的变化,认为退耕户的粮食安全程度比非退耕户和退耕前的农户有了显著的提高,这种提高与农民的人均收入水平和人均耕地面积呈正相关,而与粮食播种面积比重呈负相关,因而可得得出结论：在生态脆弱地区实行退耕还林政策并不会影响当地农民的粮食安全。     

High-solids anaerobic mono-digestion of riverbank grass under thermophilic conditions

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of high-solids anaerobic mono-digestion of riverbank grass under thermophilic conditions, focusing on the effects of the strength and the amount of inoculum. Ensiled grass was inoculated with three different inocula; inoculum from liquid anaerobic digester (LI), inoculum from dry anaerobic digester (DI), and mixture of LI and DI (MI), at feedstock-to-inoculum ratio (FIR) of 1, 2 and 4. The ensiling process of riverbank grass reduced moisture content (p > 0.05), while the hemicellulose content was significantly increased from 30.88% to 35.15% (p < 0.05), on dry matter basis. The highest methane production was at an FIR of 2 with MI (167 L/kg VS_added), which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than with DI, but not significant compared to LI (p > 0.05). At an FIR of 4, digesters inoculated with LI and DI failed to produce methane, whereas 135 L_CH4/kg VS_added was obtained with MI. The kinetic studies showed that at an FIR of 1 with LI and MI, the inoculum had less of effects on the hydrolysis rate constant (0.269 day^− 1 and 0.245 day^− 1) and methane production (135 versus 149 L/kg VS_added); rather, it affected the lag phase. In a thermophilic HS-AD of riverbank grass, the mixture of inoculum with low and high total solids content (TS) helps increase the TS of inoculum and digestion process. An FIR of 2 was deducted to be the limit for a better startup time and higher volumetric productivity of methane.     

城市小区雨水利用的模拟分析

选取天津市某小区,采用美国环保署开发的SWMM模型,模拟得出小区在开发建设前后的区域出口流量过程线和总径流量,分析评价了蓄水池和下凹绿地对小区雨水径流情况的影响。计算满足建设用地外排雨水设计流量不大于开发建设前水平这一条件时,蓄水池的设计体积和下凹绿地的面积以及下凹深度。模拟结果表明,蓄水池和下凹绿地可同时消减洪峰,推...