EuroBionet: a pan-European biomonitoring network for urban air quality assessment

EuroBionet, the 'European Network for the Assessment of Air Quality by the Use of Bioindicator Plants', is an EU-funded cooperative project currently consisting of public authorities and scientific institutes from 12 cities in 8 countries. In 2000, the bioindicator plants tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum Bel W3), poplar (Populus nigra 'Brandaris'), spiderwort (Tradescantia sp. clone 4430), Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum italicum) and curly kale (Brassica oleracea acephala) were exposed to ambient air at 90 monitoring sites according to standardised methods. Visible injuries and growth parameters were assessed and the accumulation of toxic substances in leaves determined. The exposure of tobacco resulted in a gradient with low levels of ozone-induced foliar injury in N and NW Europe, and medium to high values in the southern and central regions. The results of heavy metal and sulphur analyses in rye grass samples generally showed low to very low sulphur and low to medium heavy metal concentrations in leaves. In some cities, however, local hot spots of heavy metal contamination were detected. Analyses of the PAH contents in curly kale leaves gave low to medium values, with locally elevated levels at traffic-exposed sites.     

城市黑臭水体的吸收特性分析

黑臭水体是城市水环境的一个严重问题,对城市黑臭水体光学特性进行分析,是利用遥感技术手段进行黑臭识别的前提与基础.2016~2017年采集了长沙、南京和无锡的城市黑臭水体共计85个样点,非黑臭水体共计80个样点,并对水样的悬浮物等水质参数浓度以及水体组分的吸收系数进行了测量.结果表明:(1)黑臭水体的总颗粒物吸收系数、非色素颗粒物吸收系数总体上高于非黑臭水体.(2)黑臭水体与非黑臭水体的CDOM吸收系数有明显的差异.由此可用CDOM吸收特征波段440 nm和不同波段范围内拟合的吸收系数曲线斜率对黑臭水体进行区分.城市黑臭水体吸收特性的分析,将为黑臭水体的遥感识别和监测提供有效的技术支撑.黑臭水体中的高CDOM浓度,可以作为遥感识别黑臭水的一个重要参考.     

边坡爆破高度对边坡稳定性的影响

为了解爆破后由急倾斜且具有水平裂隙发育岩体组成的边坡稳定性及其内部破坏规律,最终总结出爆破高度对边坡稳定性的影响特征,使用基于颗粒流理论的PFC3D进行该工况模拟。利用PFC3D中的JSET和Bonds模拟非连续和连续性的岩体构造形式,以对实际的岩体中岩块和裂隙发育进行模拟。针对存在该类型构造发育边坡的实际工况,设置了13个爆破点的6个爆破方案进行模拟。研究了模拟结果表现出的边坡内部裂隙和位移随爆破高度的变化规律。其表明了对于同时起爆各爆破点而言,爆破高度越高爆破后边坡越稳定的结论,并分析了出现该现象的原因。说明了结论的普适性,同时该边坡实际的爆破情况也支持了该结论。     

喀斯特坡地土壤流失监测结果简报

在贵州普定岩溶地质与生态研究综合试验站陈旗小流域内,采用全坡面大型径流场的方法,对6种不同土地利用条件下喀斯特坡地径流场次降雨地表径流量和土壤流失进行了监测。2007年7月到2008年12月期间的监测结果表明:6个径流场土壤流失量均非常小,年土壤流失量和年悬沙产沙量变化范围分别为0.05~62.25 t/km2和0.03~8.68 t/km2,最大的为中度石漠化的稀疏灌丛径流场。喀斯特坡地土壤流失集中发生在降雨量超过60mm的降雨事件中,不同类型坡地间次降雨土壤流失量差异显著,最主要控制因素为地表径流量,同时也受到降雨特征和植被状况的影响。此外,前期降雨对坡地产流和土壤流失的影响也是客观存在的。前期降雨丰沛的条件下,坡耕地、稀疏灌丛径流场的地表径流量、次降雨土壤流失量相对复合植被、火烧迹地、灌草和幼林径流场均出现明显增长。     

多孔混凝土及其在生态护坡工程中的应用

多孔混凝土具有连续孔隙,空隙率约为15%～30%,具有良好的透水性和透气性。多孔混凝土生态护坡技术是一种新型的绿色生态型护坡技术,融合建筑材料、生态工程和环境工程等多门学科,集水土保持、生态修复于一体,实现了水利工程护坡技术和生态环境修复技术的完美统一。     

Assessment of soil erosion under rainfed sugarcane in KwaZulu‐Natal,South Africa

Soil erosion from agricultural land use runoff is a major threat to the sustainability of soil composition and water resource integrity. Sugarcane is an important cash and food security crop in South Africa, subjected to an intensive soil erosion, and consequently, severe land degradation. This study aimed to investigate soil erosion and associated soil and cover factors under rainfed sugarcane, in a small catchment, KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. Three replicated runoff plots were installed at different slope positions (down, mid and upslope) within cultivated sugarcane fields to monitor soil erosion during the 2016–2017 rainy season. On average, annual runoff (RF) was significantly greater from 10 m² plots with 1163.77 ± 2.63 l/m/year compared to 1 m² plots. However, sediment concentration (SC) was significantly lower in 10 m² (0.34 ± 0.04 g/l) compared to 1 m² (6.94 ± 0.24 g/l) plots. The annual soil losses (SL) calculated from 12 rainfall events was 58.36 ± 0.77 and 8.84 ± 0.20 t/ha from 1 m² and 10 m² plots, respectively. The 1 m² plot, SL (2.4 ± 1.41 ton/ha/year) in the upslope experienced 33% more loss than the midslope and 50% more loss than the downslope position. SL was relatively lower from the 10 m² plots than the 1 m² plots, which is explained by high sediment deposition at the greater plot scale. SL was negatively correlated with the soil organic carbon stocks (r = ?0.82) and soil surface cover (r = ?0.55). RF decreased with the increase of slope gradient (r = ?0.88) and soil infiltration rate (r = ?0.87). There were considerable soil losses from cultivated sugarcane fields with low organic matter. These findings suggest that to mitigate soil erosion, soil organic carbon stocks and vegetation cover needs to be increased through appropriate land management practices, particularly in cultivated areas with steep gradients.     

井下采煤影响矿区坡面形态及侵蚀的数值模拟分析

针对井下采煤产生的大范围岩移必然最终改变原有地表形态并影响坡面侵蚀特征及规律这一特殊性,从井下与地表相结合的新视角,结合彬长矿区水土流失特征和典型煤矿采矿条件,以采厚、地表坡面坡度等因素为变量,构建了20个不同类型的数值模型,通过数值模拟方法研究并揭示井下采煤对地表坡面形态及侵蚀的影响规律。结果表明,第一,地表坡面坡度会随采厚增加而呈现增大的趋势,且自然坡度越大,坡度变化量越大;相同采厚条件下,坡度增大率与坡面自然坡度整体上呈负相关。第二,地表坡面坡长会随采厚增加而呈现减小的趋势,且自然坡度越小,坡长变化量越大;随采厚增加,地表坡面坡长减小率与自然坡度呈先正相关后负相关的关系,自然坡度为26.57°是拐点。第三,采厚的增加会提高地表坡面产流产沙的强度,加剧坡面侵蚀,这种效应在坡度较小的坡面更加显著;井下采煤引起地表坡面坡度的增大是产生这一规律的主因。     

广西南丹玉兰汞矿周边土壤-霸王草系统汞含量分布及污染研究

本文通过对玉兰汞矿及其周边地区土壤和植物(霸王草)汞含量分布及污染的调查和研究,旨在了解土壤和霸王草中的汞污染状况以及汞在土壤-霸王草系统中的迁移转化规律,进而为汞污染防治与修复提供科学依据。本次研究共采集土壤样315件和植物样(霸王草)150件。全部土壤和植物样品采用MDS-2003F型压力自控密闭微波溶样系统消解,并用原子荧光测汞仪进行分析测定。结果表明,坑口片区土壤汞含量为1.362 1±1.227 6μg/g,拉莫片区土壤汞含量为0.742 8±0.717μg/g,周边地区土壤汞含量为0.346 4±0.031 3μg/g,分别为我国一些地区土壤汞自然含量(0.071μg/g)的19.18、10.46、4.88倍。土壤汞含量随远离矿区中部向东西两侧依次降低。植物汞含量分布与土壤汞含量分布基本相似。植物根汞、叶汞与土壤汞相关性为r=0.547和r=0.179,均大于临界值r=0.159(取信度α=5%),植物不同部分汞含量表现为根叶茎。上述特点表明土壤汞是植物汞的主要来源。本次采集工作中55%的土壤样汞含量超过了我国《土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-2008)》第二级标准的对应限值(汞≤0.35μg/g),坑口片区以及北部拉莫片区土壤汞污染较严重,污染范围为2km2。植物根汞对土壤汞的富集系数为3%,土壤汞形态分析显示土壤中的可吸收态汞含量低。植物茎/根和叶/根转运系数较高,为36.62%、65.91%,表明植物根部吸收的有效态汞较多地被转运到茎叶上。     

雅砻江中游老里沟坡面型泥石流成因机制及危险度评价

坡面泥石流是山地分布最广,出现频率最高的灾害现象。基于野外现场调查及室内实验分析,阐述了老里沟坡面型泥石流的基本特征及形成机制,并结合泥石流动力特征参数进行了危险度评价。研究结果表明:滑坡体上坡面侵蚀沟道发育,为坡面型泥石流的形成提供了强有力的条件;降雨是诱发老里沟坡面流的主要因素;老里沟泥石流类型为高中频、小规模、粘性、暴雨型泥石流,属于中度危险泥石流沟。     

抗滑桩加固后边坡稳定性评价与桩位优化研究进展

边坡失稳是影响人类工程建设活动安全性的一类常见的地质问题,抗滑桩是边坡治理工程中常用的防治措施之一,但是目前考虑加桩后边坡的稳定性研究较少。针对抗滑桩加固后的边坡稳定性评价和抗滑桩桩位布设优化问题的研究进展进行了概述,重点综述了:抗滑柱加固边坡的稳定性分析方法,即国内外在理论计算、数值模拟和物理模型实验三方面的研究成果,并对比分析了各自的优缺点;目前常用的抗滑桩最优布设分析方法,并指出了各自的适用条件;当前边坡工程中抗滑桩桩位优化研究的现状,并对今后的发展方向进行了展望,可为今后类似研究提供一定借鉴与参考。