Enhancing perspectives on lake impairments using satellite observations: A case study on High Rock Lake,North Carolina

Stakeholders developing water quality improvement plans for lakes and reservoirs are challenged by the sparsity of in-situ data and the uncertainty ingrained in management decisions. This study explores how satellite images can fill gaps in water quality databases and provide more holistic assessments of impairments. The study site is an impaired water body that is serving as a pilot for improving state-wide nutrient management planning processes. An existing in-situ database was used to calibrate semi-analytical models that relate satellite reflectance values to turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS). Landsat-7 images from 1999 to 2020 that overpass High Rock Lake, North Carolina were downloaded and processed, providing 42 turbidity and 39 TSS satellite and in-situ match-ups for model calibration and validation. Model r-squared values for the fitted turbidity and TSS models are 0.72 and 0.74, and the mean absolute errors are 14.6 NTU and 3.2 mg/L. The satellite estimates were compared to the in-situ data and simulated TSS values produced by a calibrated hydrologic-hydrodynamic model. The process-based model is considered less accurate than the satellite model based on statistical performance metrics. Comparisons between data sources are illustrated with time series plots, frequency curves, and aggregate decision metrics to highlight the dependence of lake impairment assessments on the spatial and temporal frequency of available data and model accuracy.     

国家地震紧急救援训练基地可控地震废墟设计(I)——结构地震破坏模式

我国是一个地震多发的国家,地震灾害给我国造成了巨大的经济损失和严重的生命伤亡。专业化的震后紧急搜索救援能够最大限度地减少人民生命财产的损失,是防震减灾体系不可或缺的组成部分。通过大量的地震灾害实例,并借鉴地震灾害评估方法和建筑物抗震设计,对危害人类生命财产的建筑物震害的特征按照结构类型进行了详细说明,通过对这些地震中常见震害的了解和认识,为国家地震紧急救援训练基地的规划设计和相应搜索救援训练科目的设置提供依据。     

三峡库区笋溪河流域面源污染及其与土壤可蚀性k值的关系

研究三峡库区面源污染特征及其与水土流失的关系,可为库区氮磷污染和土壤侵蚀控制提供依据.选择三峡库区库尾笋溪河流域,在流域内分园地、林地和耕地3种土地利用类型共采集126个土壤样品,并在主干和支流采集52个水质样品.根据EPIC模型计算土壤可蚀性k值,分析流域内土壤可蚀性k值对面源污染的影响.结果表明,笋溪河流域面源污染主要是氮污染,总氮均值达1.37 mg/L,氮素的主要形态为硝态氮,占总氮的71.2%;总磷浓度为0.1 mg/L.流域内土壤可蚀性k值均值为0.040,随着土层加深土壤可蚀性k值呈上升趋势;林地土壤可蚀性k值显著低于园地和耕地.笋溪河流域总氮浓度与园地和耕地0-20 cm土壤可蚀性k值有关,硝态氮浓度与耕地0-40 cm土壤可蚀性k值有关.因此,笋溪河流域面源污染严重,主要来源是耕地和园地,应实行免耕、植物篱等措施,同时减少化肥施用,增加有机肥比例,以增加土壤抗侵蚀能力,进而控制流域水土流失和面源污染.(图6参37)     

“U+L”型通风综采面合理挡风帘长度确定

合理长度的挡风帘可以有效减少工作面漏风量,避免瓦斯超限、爆炸等事故发生,保证工作面安全生产。模拟了有无挡风帘时和不同挡风帘长度时“U+L”型通风综采面采空区流场、瓦斯分布及上隅角等地瓦斯情况,验证了数学模型和参数的适用性,分析了挡风帘对采空区压力分布及瓦斯分布的影响,确定了“U+L”型通风综采面合理挡风帘长度。研究表明:挡风帘对采空区压力及瓦斯分布都有重要影响,挡风帘可以使采空区内特别是挡风帘遮挡区域采空区压力下降、瓦斯浓度升高; 随着挡风帘长度的增加,上隅角瓦斯浓度变化不大,采煤机机尾瓦斯浓度逐渐降低,滞后横川瓦斯浓度呈增大趋势;综合分析确定该采面合理挡风帘长度为120 m。     

基于功效系数法的特种设备宏观安全风险评价模型

为掌握特种设备的整体风险水平,明确监管方向和重心,基于幂函数型功效系数法,建立特种设备的宏观安全风险评价模型。应用模型研究全国特种设备的宏观风险,然后将其作为基准衡量北京地区电梯的风险水平。结果表明:应用特种设备宏观安全风险评价模型,可计算分析特种设备的整体风险,实现不同种类设备风险的横向对比;将气瓶的宏观风险作为风险的标准当量,可实现国家、地区、企业同类设备风险的纵向对比,有助于促进政府和企业的监管决策工作。     

干旱内陆河流湿地景观破碎化模型构建与尺度分析——以黑河中游湿地为例

尺度的选择一直是地理学及景观生态学的研究重点和热点。在遥感和GIS的支持下,以黑河中游湿地为例,利用移动窗口技术和空间形态学准则构建湿地类型变化追踪模型;利用面积频率统计法、卡方分布归一化尺度方差、分维数距平和多样性指数探讨干旱内陆河流湿地类型变化追踪模型的适宜和最佳窗口尺度。结果表明：1）类型变化追踪模型能实现基于像元的湿地景观空间格局分析,弥补传统湿地景观破碎化研究主要基于景观和斑块类型水平尺度,难以深入解析湿地空间演变过程的不足;2）黑河中游湿地类型变化追踪模型的适宜窗口尺度为150 m×150 m~450 m×450 m,最佳窗口尺度为250 m×250 m。该结果是进一步研究黑河中游湿地空间破碎化特征的基础,同时对于丰富干旱内陆河流湿地景观破碎化研究尺度选择有一定积极作用。     

Neighborhood form and CO2 emission: evidence from 23 neighborhoods in Jinan, China

To understand the household C02 emission level in China, as well as how much the neighborhoods＇ socio-economic or design factors could influence the CO2 emission, 23 neighborhoods in Jinan were investigated in 2009 and 2010. These neighborhoods fall into four different types： superblock, enclave, grid and traditional. The household CO2 emission includes sources of both in- home energy use and passenger transportation. The average CO2 emission per household is 7.66 t.a^-1, including 6.87 t in-home operational emission and 792 kg transportation emission. The household CO2 emission by neighborhood categories is 10.97, 5.65, 6.49, 5.40 t-household-1. a-1 for superblock, enclave, grid and tradi- tional respectively. Superblock has the highest average emission and also the highest percent （more than 25%） of transportation emission among four different types of neighborhoods. The residential CO2 emission of superb- lock neighborhoods in Jinan has already reached the level in developed countries nearly ten years ago. It is predictable that more superblock neighborhoods would be built in China with the fast urbanization. How to avoid the rapid household CO2 emission growth in the future would be a systematic issue. The study also found that in addition to income and apartment area, household density, land use mix and accessibility to public transportation are three primary factors which have significant impacts on CO2 emission. High density, mixed land use and convenient accessibility to public transportation tend to reduce household CO2 emission.     

宝钢特种设备计算机管理系统的研究与应用

简述了宝钢特种设备安全管理理念,提出了宝钢特种设备计算机管理系统的总体思路,并对该系统的应用作了一定描述。     

不同地震序列类型地震的特征性质研究

收集整理了1993年以来的地震资料,建立M5地震和M6地震两个样本组,选取发震断层、震源复杂性、视应力3个参数,使用模糊等价关系的聚类分析方法对地震进行分类,把具有相同性质的地震归为同一类,研究孤立型、主余型、多震型地震的某些特征性质。结果表明:1孤立型地震性质:震源错动方式简单,应力降高或很高,视应力低或很低,震源区介质非均匀程度低;2多震型地震性质:对于走滑断层地震,震源错动方式复杂,应力降低或很低,视应力偏高或很高,震源区介质非均匀程度较高。     

板坯火焰清理机烟气治理技术

介绍了国产板坯火焰清理机烟气的治理系统及湿式电除尘器的结构和技术特点.结果表明,该烟气治理系统及湿式电除尘器能够满足火焰清理机工况和烟气排放的环保要求,完全可以替代同类进口设备.