火力发电厂烟囱选型

以铁岭发电厂二期2×600MW超超临界机组工程240m烟囱型式的选择为例,在简要介绍烟囱的一般型式、烟囱的选型原则和国内烟囱选型情况的基础上,进行比选并确定最终方案。     

Bottomfast Ice Mapping and the Measurement of Ice Thickness on Tundra Lakes Using C‐Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Remote Sensing1

Abstract: Industrial activity in Canada’s north is increasing, placing demands on the use of water from lakes to build ice roads. Winter water withdrawal from these lakes has the potential to impact overwintering fish. Removal of water from small lakes can decrease oxygen and habitat available to fish. To address this issue, a protocol has been developed by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans outlining water withdrawal thresholds. Bathymetric surveys are the traditional method to determine lake depth, but are costly given the remoteness of northern lakes. This paper investigates the use of satellite C‐band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing technology as a potential alternative or complement to traditional survey methods. Previous research has shown that a SAR can detect the transition from grounded to floating ice on lakes, or if a lake is completely frozen. Grounded ice has a dark signature while floating ice appears very bright in contrast. Similar results were observed for the datasets acquired in the study area. This suggests that lakes that freeze completely to the bottom can be identified using SAR. Such water bodies would not be viable fish overwintering habitat and can therefore be used as water sources without thresholds necessary. However, attempts to accurately calculate the depth of the ice at the grounded‐floating ice boundary using bathymetric profiles acquired in the summer and lake ice thickness measurements from a reference lake near Inuvik proved to be unreliable.     

A Review of Water Level Fluctuations on Aquatic Biota With an Emphasis on Fishes in Ice‐Covered Lakes1

Abstract: The effects of water level fluctuations on fish and other aquatic biota, with an emphasis on winter water withdrawal in northern regions is reviewed. Water demands for population growth and development are adding pressure on water reserves, particularly when coupled with changing climatic conditions. Water level fluctuations can have adverse effects on the environment, most notably to hydrologic and biotic processes ranging in magnitude from the micro‐scale to landscape level. Water level management of lakes and reservoirs can affect all forms of aquatic biota. The severity of effect is dependant on the magnitude, duration and timing of the fluctuation, and the species exposed. In northwestern Canada and northern Alaska, water is withdrawn from water bodies to construct ice‐roads and other winter based developments. Biota in small, isolated water bodies are particularly sensitive to reductions in winter water levels. Water withdrawals can reduce the oxygen available to overwintering fish, while reduced water levels can reduce habitat for fish and furbearers, and freeze littoral areas killing plants, invertebrates, and fish eggs. Regulatory winter water withdrawal thresholds have been developed in the Northwest Territories and Alaska and continue to be refined as new data becomes available. The use of thresholds can help minimize or avoid negative impacts to the environment, particularly fish, from winter water withdrawal activities. Many different factors may influence the effect that winter water withdrawal has on a water body, such as basin shape, substrate and location. More research is warranted to better understand the linkages between anthropogenic and natural water level fluctuations and their combined effect on aquatic ecosystems. A general decision support system is proposed for minimizing risk to aquatic life from winter water withdrawal activities.     

北京城市河湖营养状态与蓝藻水华研究

2003-2004年的调研结果显示,北京城市河湖(长河水系)总氮平均含量为1.667 mg/L,总磷平均含量为0.144 mg/L,浮游藻类平均细胞密度为41 150×104/L,其中蓝藻占90.0%.浮游藻类的群落结构为蓝藻(Cyanophyta)-绿藻(Chlorophyta)型,河湖水体中营养盐与初级生产力的关系为浮游藻类响应型,连续两年发生以微囊藻(Microcystis)占优势的蓝藻水华.河湖水体5项指标(SD、TP、TN、CODMn、Chla)的TSIM值在57～87间,水体已达到富营养或重富营养程度.其主要原因是:1)营养盐和有机物的污染;2)北京市淡水资源紧缺,补给城市河湖水量少;3)在河湖水系治理中,底部硬化,两侧(或周围)衬砌,破坏了水体的自然生态系统,使其自净能力大大降低.     

护砌方式对模拟城市河道水质净化及稳定化的影响

通过构建中试规模河道模拟传统"三面光"河道、仿自然的生态型河道及自然河道,考察了3种护砌方式对模拟城市河道水质净化及稳定化的影响.结果表明,在自然条件下,"三面光"河道对COD、NH4 -N、TP的去除率分别为10.4%、4.7%及2.5%,仿自然的生态型河道为18.9%、13.4%及11.6%,自然河道为20.5%、14.5%及7.7%.护砌方式对城市河道水质净化影响明显;自然或仿自然的护砌方式,可明显改善水质.在5个月的试验期内,"三面光河道"出现藻类孳生的情况,而仿自然的生态型河道及自然河道内的藻类始终得到有效控制,表明自然或仿自然的护砌方式可保持水质稳定.基于城市河道景观和水质稳定的需要,堤坡或河床覆盖一定数量的水生植物是必要的,仿自然的生态型河道和自然河道植物覆盖分别达到水面的40%、70%时都取得了令人满意的效果.     

三峡库区小流域不同土地利用类型对氮素流失影响

作为一个独立汇水单元,小流域是三峡库区面源污染源头.在三峡库区涪陵段王家沟小流域内选择最具有代表性3种土地利用类型布设地表径流监测点,利用2014年5~12月12场自然降雨采集地表径流样品,分析不同土地利用类型及其构成的坡面、子流域氮素流失浓度时空变化特征,揭示三峡库区小流域不同土地利用类型与氮素流失关系.结果表明,不同土地利用类型春季作物时期TN平均流失浓度差异最大,旱地分别是桑树套种地、水田的1.61、6.73倍;水田3个时期TN流失浓度变化最显著.氮素流失以NO~-_3-N为主,TN与NO~-_3-N存在显著的线性相关关系.TN、NO~-_3-N流失浓度与坡面旱地作物玉米、榨菜面积比显著正相关,与水稻、桑树面积比显著负相关;NH~+_4-N流失浓度与坡面榨菜面积比显著正相关.不同土地利用类型组成坡面中,桑树套种地与水田组成的坡面3个时期TN地表径流平均流失浓度最低,分别为2.55、11.52和8.58mg·L~(-1);玉米榨菜轮作旱地坡面最高,分别为27.51、25.11和27.11 mg·L~(-1).子流域不同土地类型和空间组合方式对其TN流失浓度影响较大,合理调整流域土地利用结构和空间布局是三峡库区面源污染源头控制有效措施.     

华北地区天气型对区域大气污染的影响

分析了2000—2001年采暖期重污染天气型演变、垂直温湿层结结构及区域污染特征。区域性重污染背景为各类重污染天气型相继影响的复合系统,其中有各类天气型组成的污染物传输、汇聚和区域污染同步累积系统。华北平原区域性同步污染现象受制于高空持续稳定的西风及低空各类稳定的天气型配置。各地同一时期污染指数的差异与排放源群结构及输送汇聚天气型移动和演变影响有关。区域性重污染温湿层结多为喇叭口状(沙尘型污染除外)。      

中国区域水资源可持续利用评价及类型划分

基于可持续发展理念 ,分析了水资源可持续利用的特征 ,构建了评价水资源可持续利用的评价指标体系 ,从水资源现状、水资源利用效率、水资源可持续利用压力和水资源可持续利用能力 4个方面对水资源可持续利用状况进行综合评价 .按照此评价指标体系 ,采用定性和定量相结合的方法 ,对我国 31个省市自治区的水资源可持续利用状况进行评价 ,然后按照评价结果将其分为高发展组、较高发展组、中等发展组、较低发展组和低发展组 5个类型 .从空间分布上看 ,水资源可持续利用状况基本呈现从东南沿海向西北内陆逐渐递减的趋势 .从影响水资源可持续利用的因素看 ,除了水资源禀赋外 ,水资源利用效率低下成为制约水资源可持续利用的另一个重要因素 .从评价中还发现 ,水资源禀赋同水资源利用效率呈现一定的反相关关系 .     

Exploration of relationships between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables using multivariate statistic analysis in a eutrophic shallow lake： A S-year study

Understanding the process of the changing phytoplankton patterns can be particularly useful in water quality improvement and management decisions. However, it is generally not easy to illustrate the interactions between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables given their high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. To elucidate relationships between them, in a eutrophic shallow lake, Taihu Lake, relative long-term data set of biotic and abiotic parameters of water quality in the lake were conducted using multivariate statistical analysis within seasonal periodicity. The results indicate that water temperature and total phosphorus （TP） played governing roles in phytoplankton dynamics in most seasons （i.e. temperature in winter, spring and summer; TP in spring, summer and autumn）; COD （chemical oxygen demand） and BOD （biological oxygen demand） presented significant positive relationships with phytoplankton biomass in spring, summer and autumn. However, a complex interplay was found between phytoplankton biomass and nitrogen considering significant positive relationships occurring between them in spring and autumn, and conversely negative ones in summer. As the predatory factor, zooplankton presented significant grazing-pressure on phytoplankton biomass during summer in view of negative relationship between them in the season. Significant feedback effects of phytoplankton development were identified in summer and autumn in view that significant relationships were obser,qed between phytoplankton biomass and pH, Trans （transparency of water） and DO. The results indicate that interactions between phyto：plankton biomass and related environmental variables are highly sensitive to seasonal periodicity, which improves understanding of different roles of biotic and abiotic variables upon phytoplankton variability, and hence, advances management methods for eutrophic lakes.     

枯水年长江中下游江湖水交换作用分析

利用宜昌、汉口、大通、城陵矶、湖口等重要水文站的长时间序列水位、流量资料,着重分析了1978年和2006年典型枯水年长江中下游江湖水交换作用。论文建立了能表明江湖水交换作用的经验公式,以此为量化方法来表示江湖水交换作用的强度。结果表明:1978年代表三峡大坝建造之前典型枯水年的性质,2006年则已显示出三峡水库的运行对通江湖泊与干流水交换的积极作用。表现在江湖水交换系数上,1978年洞庭湖和鄱阳湖分别为0.57和0.56,洞庭湖和鄱阳湖与长江水交换处于稳定状态;2006年洞庭湖和鄱阳湖水交换系数分别为0.89和0.51,显示出2006年比1978年水交换作用强烈。洞庭湖和鄱阳湖与长江交换水量显示:1978年补给长江水量为分别为1 990×10⁸ m³和947×10⁸ m³,约占同期大通径流量的29%和14%;2006年补给长江水量分别为1 962×10⁸ m³和1 564×10⁸ m³,约占同期大通径流量的28%和23%。尤其是2006年鄱阳湖补水量比平水年还多5%,该年大通站流量全年维持在10 000 m³/s以上,以此保证了下游乃至河口地区水资源供给的安全。